SCI | SECOND QUARTER

• The nervous system consists of two major divisions: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
• The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the main processing center for the entire nervous system, located within the skull, and functions as an organizer and distributor of information for the body.
• The Cerebrum, located in the CNS, controls activity and thought.
• The Cerebellum, also located in the CNS, controls posture, balance, and coordination.
• The Brain Stem, which connects the brain to the spinal cord, controls automatic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure.
• The Spinal Cord, which serves as a channel for signals between the brain and the rest of the body, controls simple musculoskeletal reflexes without input from the brain.
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) connects the CNS to the organs and limbs.
• The Somatic Nervous System, associated with the voluntary control of body movements, includes parts such as the Spinal Nerves and Cranial Nerves.
• Infants with infant botulism may require hospital-based support for an extended period.
• Infant botulism is usually seen in children under 6 months of age and is caused by Clostridium bacteria that live in soil and dust and contaminate foods, especially honey.
• Symptoms of tetanus include spasms and tightening of the jaw muscle (hence the name lockjaw), stiffening of the neck and other muscles, spasms of the neck and other muscles, stiffness of the chest muscles, and stiffness of the abdominal muscles.
• Botulinum toxin is a toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium and blocks the normal messages between muscles and nerves, affecting muscles everywhere in the body and affecting intestinal muscles first.
• Infant botulism is not transmitted from person to person, hence there are no special isolation or precautions needed.
• Infant botulism occurs worldwide, with 98% of cases occurring in infants between 1 to 6 months of age.
• Doctors make the diagnosis of infant botulism by checking the infant's stool for Clostridium bacteria or Clostridium botulinum toxin.
• Symptoms of infant botulism may include constipation, poor sucking action, a weak cry, and a general, progressive muscle weakness.
• In severe cases of infant botulism, the child may require several weeks of hospitalization and even respiratory support.
• Treatment for tetanus includes controlling and reversing the tetany with antitoxin, penicillin to kill the Clostridium tetani, removing and destroying the source of the toxin through surgical exploration and cleaning of the wound (debridement), and supportive therapy.
• Studies in the army suggest that good protection persists up to 12 years after the last immunization.
• The Autonomic Nervous System, associated with the involuntary control of body movements, includes parts such as the Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System.
• A Nerve Cell, also known as a neuron, consists of a Cell Body (Soma), Dendrites, Axons, and a Myelin Sheath.
• Sensory/ Afferent Neurons pick up information from the body parts or the environment and transmit this information to the spinal cord and brain.
• Reaction time is the length of time between application of a stimulus and detection of a response.
• The medulla oblongata also plays a role in arousal states such as wakefulness and attention.
• A response is a reaction to a stimulus.
• The medulla oblongata, also known as the spinal bulb, extends down from the central part of the brain and connects to the spinal cord, regulates the heartbeat rate and breathing, and makes possible the contraction or expansion of the blood vessels and other reflexes for sneezing, vomiting, and swallowing.
• The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, contains gray matter, and is responsible for many "higher-order" functions such as language and information processing.
• The end of an axon is referred to as a synapse, which is a space between neurons or between one axon and one dendrite.
• Circadian rhythm is the normal time to sleep, eat, defecate, etc., controlled by the medulla oblongata.
• The cerebrum, also known as the forebrain, is the largest and major part of the brain, located in the upper region of the brain, and is responsible for intelligence functions such as memorization, reasoning, and creativity.
• The cerebellum, also known as the little brain, is located between the brain stem and the hind part of the cerebrum, and is attached directly above the pons.
• A stimulus is any factor in the environment that may trigger a nerve impulse.
• The brain stem, located at the lower part of the brain, takes care of the functions of the organs of the body and maintains the activities within the interior of the Central Nervous System (CNS).
• The treatment for rabies includes injections or immunoglobulin and anti-rabies vaccine.
• Paralytic rabies is characterized by minimal excitability, with an animal or person remaining relatively quiet and unaware of their surroundings.
• Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by the rabies virus.
• Paralytic rabies is a form of paralysis that is transient but sometimes fatal.
• Humans with Furious rabies will sometimes bite too.
• Paralysis sets in and the flow of saliva increases in people with Furious rabies.
• Once the rabies virus enters the nerves, it is not accessible to the immune system until it destroys Central Nervous System (CNS) cells.