C6

• Potable water is water that is safe to drink
• An aquifier is a rock that contains water
• Desalination removes salt from brine, leaving water behind
• Water Filter Process

  • Passes through a screen (big parts out)
  • Sand and soil settle out
  • Aluminium sulfate and lime are added to the water
  • Passes through a filter (grit and sand out)
  • Water is checked and corrected so it's neutral
  • Water is then stored in tanks
• Percentages of gases in our atmosphere

  • Oxygen (21%)
  • Nitrogen (78%)
  • Carbon Dioxide (0.04%)
  • Argon (1%)
• The early atmosphere only had carbon dioxide and water vapour
• Photosynthesis produces oxygen
• Breathing releases carbon dioxide into the air
• Volcanoes release CO2 and other gases
• The greenhouse effect


  When gases trap heat from the sun, warming up the earth
• Human causes of global warming

  • Cars
  • Electricity
  • Deforestation
• Effects of global warming

  • Glaciers and ice caps melting
  • Forest Fires
  • Sea levels rising
  • Extreme weather
• How can greenhouse gases be reduced?

  • Use electric cars
  • Use renewable energy
  • Planting trees
• Process of cracking

  • Heat porous rock
  • Heat paraffin wool
  • Gas produced bubbles through delivery tube
  • Water is displaced from test tube
  • Keep the heat on so there's no drawback
  • Test the gas produced
• Cracking is a chemical reaction that makes molecules into small ones
• Cracking makes molecules easier to ignite because of low boiling pt
• Fractional Distillation

  Crude oil mixture is heated in a column, and is boiled to make a mixture of gases.

  Column is hot (hot/cool) at the bottom and cool (hot/cool) at the top
• A column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top so that long chain molecules can condense at the bottom, and short chain molecules can condense at the top.
• Crude Oil

  Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules of different sizes,

  .

  It's important because we yse hydrocarbons as highly portable fuels for forms of transport and for generating electricity.

  .

  It was formed from the remains of marine organisms

  .

  It's finite, (infinate/finite)
• equation for alkanes


  CnH2n+2

  
• properties of alkanes

  as they get longer..

  • boiling point increases
  • they get more viscous (sticky and slow moving, like honey)
  • less flammable
• main use of hydrocarbons

  fuel
• complete combustion reaction

  hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• crude oil is formed naturally, by the dead remains of animals and plants specifically plankton
• crude oil is finite
• alkenes are unsaturated, due to the double bond
• addition reactions occur with alkenes
• atmosphere

  • early atmosphere had many volcanic eruptions, releasing gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapour
  • temperatures on earth eventually cooled, causing the water vapour to condense and form oceans
  • some carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans, and some got incooperated into rocks
  • plant life took in carbon dioxide, and released oxygen
• atmospheric pollutants

  • carbon dioxide
  • nitrogen oxide
  • sulfur dioxide

  ..

  these gases dissolve into water in the atmosphere, and fall as acid rain, killing plants and harming buildings
• what is coke?


  nearly pure carbon
• what temperature is the blast furnace?

  top=1000 c

  bottom=2000 c
• electrolysis of aluminium

  • aluminium oxide is mixed with cryolite to save energy
  • we use molten aluminium oxide so the electrons are free moving
  • aluminium ions are attracted to the cathode, as they are positive
  • the oxide ions are attracted to the anode, as they are negative
• reduction/cathode equation


  al3+ + 3e- -> Al
• oxidisation/anode equation


  o2- -> O + 2e-
• phytoextraction


  using plants to extract copper from low grade ores, plants are harvested and burned
• bioleaching


  using bacteria to extract copper from low grade ores. they produce a solution called leachate, which contains the metal compound that we want
• similarities in bioleaching and phytoextraction

  • both allow us to ecenomically extract metal compounds
  • they do not involve transporting large amount of rocks
• life cycle assessment

  • extracting raw materials
  • manufacturing and packaging
  • using the product
  • disposing
• factors affecting recycling

  • how easily waste can be collected and stored
  • cost of recycling compared to landfill
  • amount of energy involved at each stage
• why should you recycle?

  • conserving energy
  • reducing waste in landfill
  • reducing the release of harmful substances into the environment