Patterns of gender inequality

• Abrams

  Women working minimum wage jobs are exploited through not being paid for all the time they spend at work, such as breaks/training, nor are they given the necessary tools for their jobs- called these unethical practices  
• Mac an Ghail

  Decline of manual labour jobs led to increased unemployment, criminal records, and suicide rates for working class men. Crisis of masculinity due to their impacted status and loss of identity. Girls now taking over in academic achievement
• Feminists coined the term glass ceiling and vertical segregation to describe the invisible barriers which stop women getting top jobs,. 15% of high court judges are women, 10% of top business leaders, 22% of MPs
• Arber and Ginn

  Older women do significant amounts of unpaid work such as childcare for grandchildren, volunteering, housework, and emotional work. Their wages do not reflect the hours they put into the economy  
• Dodd

  There are high levels of discrimination for Muslim women who wear hijab so they are less likely to have a job 
• UK Feminista

  • 30,000 women sacked each year due to pregnancy 
  • 440,000 lose out on paid promotions due to pregnancy- the motherhood penalty/leaky pipeline.  
• UK Women's Budget Group 2018

  Women make up 47% of those in employment but are still mostly in part-time work- making up 73% of this category  
• ONS 2017

  Men's careers are less affected through having children. 77% of fathers look for full time work compared to 65.5% of mothers.
• Alakson

  70% of her sample had chosen to work part time to balance family commitments but cited the high cost of childcare, inflexible employers and male partners as their reason to work part time. 44% in lower skilled and lower paid jobs than before as the same jobs were not available part time due to the ‘part time penalty’  
• Gender pay gap UK Parliament 2019  


  17.3% in favour of men overall. -3.1% part time 
• Sommers factual feminist

  There is an earnings gap not a pay gap. The difference is due to the choices and careers women choose, not discrimination. Men are more likely to take on dangerous occupations as 97% of all worker fatalities were male. Women are more likely to take on caring positions