foundations in biology

• Cell membrane - A thin layer surrounding the cytoplasm that regulates what enters or exits the cell.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) that determines an organism's characteristics.
• Cytoplasm - The fluid substance inside the cell, containing organelles and other substances.
• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration.
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins using instructions from DNA.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are involved in photosynthesis.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste products.
• Lysosomes break down and recycle worn-out parts of cells.
• Golgi apparatus modifies and packages molecules produced by ribosomes.
• Cell membrane is composed of phospholipids and protein molecules that regulate what enters or exits the cell.
• Plasma membrane separates the cytoplasm from the external environment and regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell.
• Cytoskeleton provides structure to the cell and helps with movement.
• Mitochondria produce energy through aerobic respiration.
• Cytoskeleton provides structure to the cytoplasm and helps with movement.
• The plasma membrane has two layers of lipid bilayers with embedded proteins.
• Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
• Protein channels allow specific substances to pass through the membrane.
• Microtubules are hollow tubes made up of proteins called tubulins.
• Centrosome contains microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) which organize microtubules during mitosis.
• Flagella and cilia are long extensions of the plasma membrane covered with microtubules.
• Ribosome synthesizes proteins using information encoded in DNA.
• Nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
• Centrioles: Structures found in the cytoplasm made of microtubules that produce the spindle fibres during mitosis.
• Chloroplasts: Organelles found in plants and algae that are the site of photosynthesis.
• Totipotent stem cell: A type of stem cell which has the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body or in the placenta
• Xylem: A tissue found in plants which is specialised for the transport of water and dissolved minerals up the plant
• Cilia: Small hair-like structures that project from the surface of cells.
• Confocal microscopy: A type of microscopy that uses lasers to scan a specimen point by point to produce an image
• Cytoskeleton: A mesh of protein fibres found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells used for structural support and intracellular transport
• Eukaryotic cell: A type of cell that contains a nucleus along with membrane bound organelles
• Flagella: A whip-like structure found on bacterial cells that is used for cell movement
• Golgi apparatus: An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins
• Light microscope: A type of microscope that uses a series of lenses to magnify the visible light reflecting off a specimen
• Lysosomes: Membrane-bound vesicles found in the cytoplasm that contain a hydrolytic enzyme called lysozyme
• Magnification: How much bigger an image appears compared to the original object calculated using the following formula:
• Mitochondrion: An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the site of aerobic respiration
• Nuclear envelope: A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
• Nucleolus: A structure found inside the nucleus that contains proteins and RNA and is involved in synthesizing new ribosomes
• Nucleus: An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that stores the genetic information of the cell as chromosomes and is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope
• Plasma membrane: A semipermeable lipid bilayer studded with proteins that surrounds the cell and many organelles