hydrocarbons

• Isomers are hydrocarbons that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
• alkenes are unsaturated
• alkanes are saturated
• Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
• Hydrocarbons can be named using common names (e.g., ethane) or systematic names (e.g., ethene).
• The numbering system used to name hydrocarbon compounds involves assigning numbers to carbon atoms based on their position relative to the functional group or substituent.
• The general formula for alkene is CnH2n.
• Alkenes contain at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond (C=C).
• The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n
• Alkanes do not contain any C=C bonds, only single covalent bonds between carbons (C-C).
• Ethane (C2H6) has two single bonds between its carbons.
• Addition reactions involve adding another molecule onto an existing molecule, while elimination reactions remove a small molecule from a larger molecule.
• Addition reactions involve adding another molecule across the double bond, resulting in an increase in molecular weight.
• The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where n represents the number of carbons in the molecule.
• Alkenes have lower boiling points than alkanes due to weaker intermolecular forces.
• Addition reactions occur when two molecules combine, forming a single product with no byproducts.
• Addition reactions occur when two molecules combine to form a single product, while substitution reactions involve replacing an atom with another atom.
• Pentane (C5H12) has five single bonds between its carbons.
• Butane (C4H10) has four single bonds between its carbons.
• Propane (C3H8) has three single bonds between its carbons.
• hydrocarbons are molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
• a homologous series is a family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties
• the first part of the name tells you how many carbon atoms are in the molecule
• the second part of the name tells you what family it belongs to and the functional group- alkanes; ane, cycloalkanes; cyclo-ane, carboxylic acids; anoic acid
• alkenes rapidly decolourise bromine water ( this is the test for saturation)
• branches take their name from however many carbon atoms are in the branch 1=methyl, 2=ethyl, 3=propyl, 4=butyl, 5=pentyl, 6=hexyl, 7=heptyl, 8=octyl, 9=nonyl, 10=decyl
• when naming branch alkanes carbon number 1 is the carbon closes to the brach
• when naming branch alkenes carbon munber 1 is the carbon closest to the double bond
• 3 types of addition reactions - hydrogenation ( adding in hydrogen), hydration(adding in water molecules), halogenation ( adding in halogen)
• as the number of carbons increases the melting and boiling point increases - the longer the hydrocarbon chain the stronger the inter-molecular forces
• hydrocarbons are insoluble in water