Bio

• Carbohydrates are used as a source of energy and are a class of biomolecules that includes sugar and polymers of sugars.
• Carbohydrates such as cellulose act as structural molecules in the cell wall of plants.
• Carbohydrates such as chitin act as structural molecules in the exoskeleton of crustaceans.
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds that primarily consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that occur in a 1:2:1 ratio.
• Photosynthesis is the primary source of sugars, particularly glucose, for cells of plants themselves and for the rest of the organisms of an ecosystem.
• Cells oxidize glucose to release energy that will drive other biochemical reactions.
• Monosaccharides are the monomers and fundamental units of carbohydrates that cannot be further broken down or hydrolyzed into smaller sugars.
• Aldoses are sugar units that contain an aldehyde group.
• Ketoses are sugar units that contain a ketone group.
• Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.
• Pyranose rings are ring-shaped conformations of monosaccharides which is favorable in aqueous solutions.
• Dehydration synthesis, also known as condensation reaction, occurs when the hydroxyl group of glucose combines with the hydrogen of fructose.
• When two monosaccharides are combined into a disaccharide, a glycosidic bond holds them together.
• Cellulose molecules occur in very long fibers of glucose chains, bound by 𝜷-1,4 glycosidic linkages.
• Disaccharides are commonly found in many forms daily.
• Lipids are classified according to their structure and functions.
• Different classes of lipids exist.
• Polysaccharides are composed of very long chains of monosaccharides, with the orientation of bonds and the presence of branching determining their properties.
• Polysaccharides are large molecules that consist of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide monomers and are long chains of complex carbohydrates.
• The structure and functions of lipids in living organisms can be described.
• Excessive consumption of food products that are rich in fats can lead to obesity and heart diseases.
• Carbohydrates are involved in certain metabolic processes, with those ending in – lysis being catabolic mechanisms and those ending in – genesis being anabolic processes.
• Each biological molecule has a specific role in specific metabolic processes.
• An oligosaccharide is a carbohydrate that consists of two to ten units of monosaccharides.
• RNA has one strand, no helical conformation, aids in gene expression, and is involved in protein synthesis.
• Nucleosides are bonds within nucleotides.
• Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
• DNA has two strands, one helical conformation, stores genetic information, and aids in gene expression.
• The sugar-phosphate backbone is a structural feature of DNA that is bound by repeating phosphodiester linkages, giving the DNA its negative charge.
• Hydrolyzing the ester bond in the last phosphate group of adenosine triphosphate releases a large amount of free energy that can be used to drive many cellular processes necessary for the maintenance and survival of organisms.
• DNA molecules store genetic information, express genetic information, can be replicated, and undergo variation through mutation.
• Nucleotides in a polynucleotide are held together in phosphodiester linkages.
• Nucleotides involved in metabolic activities, regulate enzymatic reactions, store large amounts of energy (ATP), and have other roles.
• RNA molecules use protein-coding information of DNA, are involved in protein synthesis, and are produced as mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
• The bonds within a nucleotide include the glycosidic bond and ester bond.
• DNA and RNA molecules differ in terms of the number of strands, sugars, and bases.
• The most commonly occurring forms of oligosaccharides are disaccharides (di =two).
• Some conditions can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape, a process known as protein denaturation.
• The primary protein structure refers to the unique sequence of amino acids.
• Cells link amino acid monomers together by dehydration reactions, forming a peptide bond.