Social Psychology

• social psychology


  the study of the causes and consequences of sociality, how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
• Sociology


  a social science that studies human societies, their interactions and the processes that preserve and change them
• aggression


  physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
• frustration-aggression hypothesis


  a principle stating that animals aggress only when their goals are frustrated (obstruction of a goal)
• proactive aggression


  aggression that is planned and purposeful; means to an end
• reactive aggression


  aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state; costs outweigh the benefits
• affect


  the feeling of experience or emotion
• gender is the best predictor of


  aggression
• Women are more likely than men to

  engage in proactive aggression
• "Men are more aggressive than women because of their biology." T/F

  True
• Males are more likely to engage in

  reactive aggression
• Men are responsible for ____% of murders


  90
• Aggression changes over time and varies by


  geographic location
• Humans have become ____ aggressive over time

  less
• Aggression is more prevalent in the ______ when what has been challenged

  South, status
• cooperation


  Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
• Cooperation is beneficial, it is also risky, as demonstrated by a well-studied game called the


  prisoner's dilemma
• When people are asked what single quality they most want those around them to have, the answer is


  trustworthiness
• ultimatum game


  A game in which a proposer is given a sum of money and makes an offer to a responder as to how this money should be split between them. The responder must choose to accept the offer or reject it. This game has been used to study people's decision-making strategies.
• Group


  a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others
• groups provide benefits with

  cooperation and costs of other outcomes
• In group favoritism


  the tendency to treat people better when they are members of one's own group than when they are not
• common knowledge effect


  the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share
• group polarization


  the tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone
• Groupthink


  the tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
• Deindividuation


  when immersion in a group causes people to become less attentive to their personal values
• diffusion of responsibility


  the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
• social loafing


  the tendency to contribute less when in a group than when alone
• bystander effect


  the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
• alturism


  intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself
• kin selection


  the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives
• reciprocal altruism


  behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
• prejudice


  a negative evaluation of another person based solely on their category membership
• Discrimination


  negative behavior toward another person based solely on their category membership
• mere exposure effect


  the tendency for liking of a stimulus to increase with the frequency of exposure to that stimulus
• Passionate Love


  an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction
• compassionate love


  an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being
• comparison level for alternatives


  People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship
• social cognition


  the processes by which people understand others
• category-based inferences


  inferences based on information about the categories to which a person belongs