hormones

• blood glucose concentration is decreased by...

  insulin released from pancreas causes:

  -cells to absorb glucose

  -glucose converted to glycogen in liver and muscles
• negative feedback is...

  a negative feedback control system responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to the set point.
• metabolism is...

  the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy
• if thyroxine levels decrease...

  can cause high cholesterol and atherosclerosis (clogging of the arteries), which can potentially lead to a serious heart-related problem, such as angina and heart attack
• if thyroxine levels increase...

  weight loss, hand tremors and rapid or irregular heartbeat
• disadvantages of treating infertility using hormones are...

  -multiple births

  -side effects
• ovulation can be prevented by...

  the combination pill. The combination pill works by combing the hormones oestrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation
• FSH causes

  egg to mature
• the male and female sex chromosomes are 


  male: xy

  female: xx
• oestrogen causes


  the uterus lining to thicken

  release of LH which triggers ovulation
• if the egg is not fertilised

  progesterone levels fall. the uterus lining breaks down. egg dies
• after day 14 of the menstrual cycle

  if egg is fertilised, it will implant in uterus lining.

  -progesterone rises to maintain uterus lining.

  -if not fertilised progesterone levels fall
• on day 14 of the menstrual cycle

  ovulation- release of an egg
• on days 1-14 of the menstrual cycle

  the uterus lining thickens as oestrogen levels rise and the egg matures
• on day 1-5 of the menstrual cycle

  the uterus lining sheds
• the equation for BMI is

  height(2) (cm) / mass (kg)
• underweight = below 18.5
• a healthy bmi range is between 18.5 - 24.9
• BMI can be used to determine if someone is underweight, normal weight or overweight.
• obese = over 30
• being obese increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some types of cancer
• insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas
• in type 2 diabetes, there are too many glucose molecules in the bloodstream because they aren't being taken up into the cells where they need to go
• the role of insulin is to lower blood glucose levels
• what is blood glucose concentration decreased by?

  insulin released from pancreas causes:

  -cells to absorb glucose

  -glucose converted to glycogen in liver and muscles
• glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells (where it can be used as fuel)
• release of adrenaline causes...

  Adrenaline increases heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure to provide more oxygen and energy to the muscles, and also causes the release of glucose from the liver to provide a quick source of energy.
• hormones are transported throughout the body by...

  blood plasma
• what is blood plasma

  the liquid part in blood
• homeostasis is


  the control of internal body conditions and maintaining them at constant
• what's the cause of type 1 diabetes?

  pancreas cannot produce insulin
• what is blood glucose concentration increased by?

  glucagon is produced by the pancreas.

  -converts glycogen back to glucose
• why does type 2 diabetes occur?

  pancreas doesn't not produce enough insulin

  or

  cells become resistant to insulin
• how can controlling your diet help to treat type 2 diabetes?

  -reduce carbohydrate levels.

  -ensure blood glucose levels don't rise too high

  -allow the body to produce more insulin
• what should the control variables be when studying people with type 2 diabetes?

  Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), medication usage, diet and duration of diabetes.