Reproduction

• characteristics of varicocele

  inflammation and dilation of veins in spermatic cord due to inadequate or absent valves in spermatic veins
• characteristics of hydrocele

  scrotal swelling due to collection of fluids in tunica vaginalis
• characteristics of cryptorchidism

  failure of one or more testes to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum, may cause infertility or increase risk of testicular cancer
• characteristics of testicular torsion

  rotation of testis causes twisting of blood vessels in spermatic cord

  s/s - painful, swollen testes, acute onset

  surgical emergency
• characteristics of testicular cancer

  s/s - painless testicular enlargement

  most common cancer in men between ages 15-35
• characteristics of epididymitis

  patho - microorganism ascends from bladder or urethra -> vas deferens -> epididymis

  associated with STI or UTI

  s/s - urethral discharge, urinary symptoms, acute or severe scrotal or inguinal pain, red swollen scrotum
• characteristics of prostatitis

  causes - bacterial or nonbacterial (chronic)

  s/s - dysuria, frequency, perineal pain

  acute - sudden onset, perineal pain, high fever
• characteristics of BPH

  prostate enlarges in peri-urethral area, compressing urethra

  s/s - obstruction
• characteristics of prostate cancer

  risk factors - hormones, genetic, age, diet

  patho - inflammation from urine reflux, infection, oxidative stress, androgens act as tumor promoters, altered growth factors, genetic or environmental factors

  s/s - bladder outlet obstruction (advanced), early often asymptomatic
• characteristics of endometriosis

  functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus responds to hormone fluctuations of the menstrual cycle

  complications - pain, infertility, dysmenorrhea, dysuria, pain with intercourse
• characteristics of pelvic inflammatory disease

  STD migrates from vagina to upper genital tract, polymicrobial infection
• characteristics of cervical cancer

  causes - cervical HPV

  patho - slow progression; viral infection -> progression to dysplasia -> moderate to severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ
• characteristics of ovarian cancer

  s/s - early disease asymptomatic; pelvic pain, abdominal distension, abnormal vaginal bleeding, dyspepsia, vomiting, altered bowel function, metastasis prior to diagnosis
• characteristics of polycystic ovarian syndrome

  endocrine disorder with 2 of 3: irregular menstruation or ovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries

  s/s - dysfunctional bleeding or amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, infertility, acanthosis nigricans
• characteristics of leiomyomas

  uterine fibroids or myomas, most common benign tumor of smooth muscle cells of the myometrium
• risk factors for breast cancer

  increased risk with age, few years after pregnancy, first pregnancy older than 35, early menarche, late menopause, estrogen replacement, increased breast density, environmental or lifestyle factors
• characteristics of syphilis

  primary - painless, firm, local lesions (chancre)

  secondary (systemic) - fever, malaise, joint pain, rashes or skin lesions, highly contagious

  latent - no symptoms

  tertiary - destruction of skin, bone, soft tissue; dementia, ataxia, vision changes, aneurysms, heart failure, valve disease
• characteristics of chlamydia

  s/s - superficial lesions in urogenital tract, urethritis, proctitis, dysuria, urethral discharge

  newborns - conjunctivitis, pneumonia
• characteristics of herpes simplex 2

  primary infection - small lesions on genitals, fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy

  recurrent - prodromal itching, eruption of lesions