11.4.3 Fertilisation and Pregnancy

• What must happen to the nuclei of the sperm and egg cell during fertilisation?

  They must fuse
• Where does fertilisation occur in humans?

  In the oviduct/fallopian tube
• How does the fertilised egg move towards the uterus?

  Through cilia and peristalsis

  
• What process does the fertilised egg undergo as it moves towards the uterus?

  It divides by mitosis

  
• What is the initial name of the fertilised egg?

  Zygote

  
• What is the name given to the fertilised egg once it becomes a ball of cells?

  Embryo
• What does the embryo do after it forms?

  Implants onto the lining of the uterus

  
• How long does pregnancy last in humans?

  Around 40 weeks
• What primarily occurs during the first part of pregnancy?

  Development occurs, increasing complexity
• What mainly occurs towards the end of pregnancy?

  Growth occurs, increasing in size
• What are two essential substances needed for aerobic respiration during pregnancy?

  Oxygen and food (e.g. glucose)
• At what stage is the embryo referred to as a foetus?

  At 8 weeks
• What surrounds the foetus for protection?

  The amniotic sac filled with fluid
• What are the functions of the amniotic fluid?

  • Protects against knocks and bumps
  • Supports the foetus
  • Allows movement, aiding muscle and bone development
  • Maintains temperature
  • Creates a sterile environment
• What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?

  Provides oxygen and nutrients, removes waste
• How is the placenta connected to the fetus?

  By the umbilical cord
• Why is it important that the mother's blood does not mix with the fetus' blood?

  Different blood groups could cause coagulation
• What can happen if the mother's blood pressure is too high?

  It could harm the fetus
• How does smoking affect the developing fetus?

  Reduces oxygen due to carbon monoxide
• What are potential outcomes of lack of oxygen during pregnancy?

  Low birth weight and premature birth
• How can drinking alcohol during pregnancy affect the baby?

  It can harm the nervous system