HIV

• What is active immunity?

  Immunity from exposure triggering antibody production
• How can active immunity be acquired?

  Through natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity
• What is osmosis?

  Movement of water through a partially permeable membrane
• What is the role of a T-helper cell in mediated immunity?

  Bind to an antigen after processing by APC
• What parts of the cell are needed for protein production?

  Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
• What is passive immunity?

  Immunity provided by receiving antibodies
• How do B-cells respond once stimulated by T-helper cells?

  They divide and produce antibodies
• What is facilitated diffusion?

  Diffusion aided by protein channels and carriers
• What structures do viruses contain?

  RNA, capsid, lipid envelope, attachment proteins
• How do vaccines work?

  They trigger an immune response to antigens
• What is the size range of viruses?

  20-300 nm
• What is the function of the attachment protein in viruses?

  Identifies and attaches to host cells
• What is the role of the capsid in viruses?

  Protects viral RNA and initiates infection
• What is the lipid envelope's role in some viruses?

  Allows viruses to bud out of cells
• What does reverse transcriptase do in HIV?

  Converts RNA to DNA for host genome insertion
• Why do RNA viruses have high mutation rates?

  Viral RNA polymerases lack proofreading ability
• What are retroviruses?

  Viruses that produce DNA from RNA
• Why is it difficult to make effective vaccines against RNA viruses?

  Due to their genetic diversity and mutation rates
• How do DNA and RNA viruses differ in structure?

  DNA viruses are mostly double-stranded
• Where does DNA replication take place in the cell?

  In the nucleus
• Where does RNA replication take place in the cell?

  In the cytoplasm
• What happens when HIV buds from a host cell?

  It destroys the cell and takes membrane
• How does HIV cause AIDS?

  By killing or interfering with T-helper cells
• What is the normal range of T-helper cells in an uninfected human?

  800-1200 T-helper cells
• What happens to B-cells without sufficient T-helper cells?

  They cannot be stimulated to produce antibodies
• What is the consequence of inadequate T-helper cells?

  Leads to inadequate immune response to pathogens
• What can an infected person die from due to HIV?

  Secondary infections like pneumonia
• How does ART help in HIV treatment?

  Prevents reverse transcriptase from functioning
• Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

  They target bacterial structures, not viruses
• What do antibiotics target in bacteria?

  Bacterial structures like cell walls
• What is the ELISA test used for?

  To detect antibodies or antigens in patients
• What does ELISA stand for?

  Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
• What are the two types of ELISA tests?

  Direct and indirect ELISA tests
• What is the difference between direct and indirect ELISA tests?

  Direct uses one antibody; indirect uses two
• What is the purpose of the indirect ELISA test for HIV?

  Testing for antibodies against HIV antigens
• What is the purpose of the indirect ELISA test for prostate cancer?

  Testing for antibodies against prostate cancer antigens