3.2

• What are the three main types of criminological theories?

  Individualistic, biological, sociological
• What should be evaluated in criminological theories?

  • Strengths and weaknesses
  • Effectiveness in explaining crime
• What does Bandura's social learning theory emphasize?

  Learning through imitation and observation
• What did the bobo doll experiment demonstrate?

  Cause and effect in children's behavior
• How were variables controlled in the bobo doll experiment?

  Gender and actions of the model were controlled
• What is a limitation of the bobo doll experiment regarding ecological validity?

  It has low ecological validity
• Why is the bobo doll experiment considered to have ethical issues?

  Children were exposed to aggression
• What did Cumberbatch (1997) find about children's familiarity with the bobo doll?

  Familiarity reduced imitation of the model
• What is a key aspect of Freud's psychodynamic theories?

  Focus on childhood experiences
• How do the id, ego, and superego relate to the brain?

  They correspond to different brain functions
• Why are psychodynamic theories criticized in psychology?

  They lack scientific testing and objectivity
• What is a limitation of Freud's case studies?

  Lack of quantitative data and objectivity
• What did Eysenck's research on soldiers support?

  His theory of criminal personality types
• How could Eysenck's theory help in crime prevention?

  By identifying tendencies in childhood
• What is a limitation of personality testing in predicting behavior?

  Lack of reliability in responses
• What issue arises from self-report measures in personality testing?

  Potential for biased or false answers
• What does Eysenck's theory suggest about personality?

  It is genetic and may change over time
• Who was the first to give criminology scientific credibility?

  Lombroso
• What did Charles Goring find regarding convicts?

  Low-order intelligence suggests genetic links
• What did Lombroso suggest about prisons?

  They are 'criminal universities'
• What is a limitation of Sheldon's somatotype theory?

  Lack of a control group for comparisons
• What did Glueck and Glueck (1956) find about mesomorphs?

  60% of delinquents were mesomorphs
• What is a criticism of the XYY theory?

  It is extremely deterministic in nature
• What did Jacob et al. (1965) find about XYY chromosomes?

  Many prisoners had XYY chromosomes
• What is the key term for the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend?

  Recidivism
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of biological theories?

  Strengths:

  • Scientific credibility
  • Links between genetics and behavior

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Overemphasis on genetics
  • Lack of consideration for environment
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of individualistic theories?

  Strengths:

  • Focus on learning and behavior
  • Empirical support from experiments

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Low ecological validity
  • Ethical concerns in research
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of psychodynamic theories?

  Strengths:

  • Emphasis on childhood experiences
  • Contribution to understanding behavior

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Lack of scientific testing
  • Subjectivity in interpretation
• What are the implications of Eysenck's theory for crime prevention?

  • Early intervention based on personality traits
  • Parenting and treatment strategies to reduce crime
• What are the implications of Lombroso's theory for understanding criminality?

  • Scientific approach to criminology
  • Recognition of genetic factors in criminal behavior
• What are the implications of Sheldon's somatotype theory for criminal behavior?

  • Association between body type and crime
  • Consideration of social treatment of body types
• What are the implications of XYY theory for understanding aggression?

  • Genetic factors may influence aggression
  • Need for a balanced view of behavior
• What did Line (2007) indicate about aggressive behavior?

  It may be partly determined by genetics.
• Why do genetic abnormalities not explain aggression?

  They are widespread in the general population.
• What does focusing too heavily on genetics ignore?

  The behaviorist approach to behavior.
• What did Theilgaard (1984) research?

  The traits of XYY men compared to XY men.
• What do twin studies suggest about genetics and behavior?

  They indicate a genetic component to behavior.
• What is a limitation of twin studies mentioned?

  They may not represent the general population.
• What could influence criminality in twins raised together?

  Shared environment could influence behavior.
• What do studies conclude about biological families and adopted children?

  There is a correlation between them.