B2 - Organisation

• Mouth - Food is chewed up by the teeth and mixed with saliva
• Salivary glands - Produce saliva which contains carbohydrase enzymes
• Oesophagus - tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, muscle forces food down by peristalsis
• Stomach - this organ produces enzymes, hydrochloric acid and churns food
• Liver -This organ produces bile which emulsifies fats and neutralizes stomach acids
• Gall bladder - this organ stores bile
• Pancreas - This organ produces carbohydrase, lipase and protease enzymes and releases them into the small intestine
• Small intestine - This is what absorption of the food molecules into the bloodstream takes place through villi
• Large intestine - water from waste food is absorbed
• Rectum - Where faeces are stored
• Anus - Faeces leaves the body here
• Muscular tissue is made up of long thin cells which contain mitochondria for rapid respiration energy and is used for contraction.
• Glandular tissue is made up of cells that contain lots of ribosomes and is used for protein synthesis to produce hormones and enzymes.
• Epithelial tissue lines areas of the respiratory system, releases mucus from goblet cells, and is covered in cilia.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts made of protein and can break large molecules into smaller ones, build up smaller molecules into bigger ones, and change one molecule into another.
• Enzymes are specific to the substrates and have specific active sites.
• Enzymes have an ideal pH and temperature, if they're above that range they denature.
• The Lock and Key Theory states that the substrate is a perfect fit for the enzyme and the enzyme structure does not change.
• The Induced fit model states that the substrate and enzyme have a similar shape so the enzyme molds itself around the substrate.
• Fill in the gaps:

  A) orange-brown

  B) colourless

  C) green to brick-red

  D) lilac-purple

  
• Waxy cuticle

  Waterproof layer on the upper epidermis of the leaf
• Upper epidermis

  Single layer of transparent cells beneath the cuticle
• Palisade Mesophyll

  Layer of cells containing many chloroplasts, where photosynthesis mainly occurs
• Spongy Mesophyll layer

  Layer of cells with air spaces allowing gases to diffuse in and out
• Lower epidermis

  Layer of cells on the underside of the leaf containing stomata
• Stomata

  Pores on the underside of the leaf that allow gas exchange
• Guard cells

  Cells that control the opening and closing of stomata
• Vascular Bundle

  Bundles of xylem and phloem that transport water, minerals, and sugars
• Xylem

  Tubes that transport water and minerals from roots to leaves
• Phloem

  Tubes that transport sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant
• Nucleus

  Contains genetic code for protein synthesis
• Root hair

  Increases surface area of root for absorption of minerals and water
• Vacuole


  Stores water and glucose as starch for later use
• Mitochondria

  Organelles that release energy from respiration
• Transpiration

  The movement of water from the roots to the leaves and water loss from leaves through evaporation
• Transpiration Stream

  Chain of water molecules moving up through the xylem
• Turgid

  Stiff and full of water
• Potometer


  Device used to measure water uptake/transpiration by a plant
• Temperature


  Environmental factor that affects the rate of transpiration
• Humidity

  Environmental factor that affects the rate of transpiration