Memory Flashcards - A Level Psychology AQA

Cards (70)

  • Who came up with the Multi-store model?
    Atkinson and Shiffrin
  • What is the multi-store model?
    Sensory Information -> Sensory Register- (Attention) -> Short-term memory (maintenance rehearsal)- (Elaborate rehearsal) -> Long-term memorySTM <- (Retrieval) - LTM
  • Two components of the multi-store model
    1. Each store is unitary2. Each store is distinct
  • Capacity meaning

    The quantity of information that can be stored
  • Duration meaning

    The amount of time information can be stored for
  • Coding meaning

    The format in which information is stored
  • Who came up with Capacity of STM?
    Jacobs
  • What is the capacity of STM?
    7 +/- 2 chunks
  • Who came up with Duration of STM?
    Peterson + Peterson
  • What is the duration of STM?
    - remember 3 letter consonant and count back in threes from number given- need to recite letters after time (secs)- Duration of STM = 20 seconds
  • EVALUATE capacity and duration of STM studies
    + lab experiment so high control, and removes extraneous/cofounding variables+ chunking is used in real life - lacks mundane realism and therefore lacks ecological validity
  • Capacity of LTM
    Potentially infinite
  • Who came up with Duration of LTM?
    Bahrick et al
  • What is the Duration of LTM?
    - used 392 participants and showed them high-school yearbook- after 48 years, 70% of names were given correctly- Duration of LTM = potentially infinite
  • EVALUATE Duration of LTM study
    + large sample size so high population validity+ remembering people's names is normal for everyday so high mundane realism so high ecological validity- cofounding variable: - can't control when they last looked at the yearbook - may have seen the people in person - personality/sociability may effect- recognition is not free-recall, memory is probably much worse for free-recall
  • Who coded STM + LTM?
    Baddeley
  • STM Coding
    Acoustically (sound)
  • LTM Coding
    Semantically (meaning)
  • Who is Clive Wearing?
    - suffered damage to his hippocampus due to a virus- no new memories + lost old memories amnesia- but he can still play the piano
  • Clive Wearing supports...
    + supports idea that the stores are distinct as his STM works but not LTM- can play piano so LTM isn't unitary
  • Who came up with the Types of LTM?
    Tulving (1985)
  • What are the types of LTM?
    episodic, semantic, procedural memory
  • Episodic memory
    refers to our ability to recall events that have happened to us personally -> these events are time-stamped, meaning we have a sense of how long ago an event happened -> declarative, easily described
  • Semantic memory
    refers to our knowledge about the world, this includes facts and what words/phrases mean -> NOT timestamped -> declarative
  • Procedural memory
    refers to knowledge of how to do things, memories are formed through practice/repetition, can be retrieved without conscious effort -> NOT timestamped-> NON-declarative
  • EVALUATE Types of LTM
    + Clive Wearing has procedural memory as can play piano but doesn't have episodic memory- it is rare case study so can't generalise to others+ by identifying different types of LTM we can target specific memory treatments
  • Who came up with the Working Memory Model?
    Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
  • What is the Working Memory Model?
    The Central Executive -> The Phonological Loop -> The Phonological Store -> The Articulatory Process-> The Episodic Buffer -> LTM-> The Visuo-spatial Sketchpad
  • Central Executive
    directs out attention to incoming sensory information, carries out cognitive tasks but have very low capacity
  • Phonological Loop
    deals with auditory information (2 seconds worth)
  • Phonological Store

    acts like an inner ear and stores speech based information
  • Articulatory Loop
    acts like inner voice responsible for rehearsing auditory information on a loop
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad
    acts like inner eye, processes visual and spatial information (4 objects), allows us to navigate through space without walking into objects
  • Episodic Buffer
    combines information from the other stores to create an episodic memory, acts as general storage unit for the central executive, (holds 4 chunks)
  • Who investigated KF?
    Shallice + Warrington
  • What was Shallice + Warrington's study with KF?
    - KF is a man who suffered brain damage due to a motorcycle accident- found KF's STM was impaired for verbal but not visual information
  • What was D'Espasito et al study?
    - neuroimaging- found: -> Central Executive occupies Frontal Lobe -> Phonological Loop occupies Temporal Lobe -> Visuospatial Sketchpad occupies Occipital Lobe
  • EVALUATE Working Memory Model
    + KF's Phonological Loop doesn't work but his Visuospatial Sketchpad works- but lacks population validity+ D'Espasito shows parts of WMM are physically separate like in the brain - LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF Central Executive {Baddeley} said "The Central Executive is the most important, but least understood component of the Working Memory Model."
  • Interference
    occurs when two pieces of information in memory are too similarthis causes them to conflict with each other leading to:- one information being lost entirely- memory becoming distorted
  • Proactive interference

    when old memory interferes with forming a new memory