Part 2

• The top 10 reported diseases in 2006 were Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Varicella, Salmonellosis, Syphilis total, all stages, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Giardiasis, Coccidioidomycosis, Lyme disease, and Shiigellosis.
• Spirochetes are characterized by being tightly coiled, thin, spirochetes with hooked ends that are culturable to Fletcher’s & Stuart and visible by dark-field, phase contrast, and IF.
• Borreliae are less tightly coiled (3 - 10 coils) and are visualized by bright-field microscopy.
• Borreliae cause endemic relapsing fever, which is tickborne, and epidemic relapsing fever, which is louse-borne.
• Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, which can present as Erythema chronicum migrans.
• Treponemes are 4 - 14 spiral and are visualized by dark-field microscopy.
• Treponema pallidum causes venereal (transmitted through sexual contact) syphilis, which is varied and complex and often mimics many other diseases.
• Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue causes endemic syphilis or Bejel.
• Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum causes endemic syphilis or Pinta.
• Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis are the only species in the Chlamydiaceae family.
• Chlamydia psittaci causes psittacosis and ornithosis, also known as parrot fever.
• Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of trachoma, the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide.
• Rickettsia species can be diagnosed through embryonated eggs and tissue culture, observing the dense-core cells of Ehrlichia chaffeensis exiting the host cell following rupture of the morulae.
• Rickettsia species can be diagnosed through Diff-Quik Stain of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in cell lines.
• Rickettsia species are arthropod-borne, obligate intracellular organisms with a complex life cycle involving tick and mammalian hosts.
• Rickettsia species can be diagnosed through Weil-Felix reaction (P vulgaris ox-19, ox-2 and P).
• Rickettsia species can be diagnosed through laboratory methods such as immunohistology and PCR.
• Rickettsia species can also be diagnosed through Giemsa, Wright’s stained buffy coat IFA of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in cell lines.
• Rickettsia species are associated with spotted fever, typhus, and scrub typhus, characterized by a triad of fever, headache, and rash.
• Chlamydophila pneumoniae is associated with pneumonia, pharyngitis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
• Rickettsia and Orentia are members of the Ricketsiaceae and Similar Organisms family.
• Humans are also the natural hosts of Ricketsia and Orentia.
• Anaplasmataceae, Coxiella, and others are members of the Ricketsiaceae and Similar Organisms family.
• The route of transmission for Chlamydia trachomatis includes ocular (endemic) Trachoma, Hand to eye from fomites, and Lymphogranuloma venereum.
• Humans are the natural hosts of Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci.
• Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci are members of the Chlamydiaceae family.
• The life cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis involves a natural host, clinical infections, laboratory diagn
• Treponema pallidium and others are members of the Chlamydiaceae family.
• Birds are the natural hosts of Chlamydia trachomatis.
• The life cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis involves a natural host, clinical infections, laboratory diagnosis, and other tests.
• Chlamydia trachomatis can cause clinical infections in the form of Biovars and Clinical Syndromes.
• Human diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis include STD, Trachoma, LGV, Pneumonia, Pharyngitis, and Bronchitis.
• Rickettsiaceae and Similar Organisms include Brill-Zinsser V, Epidemic typhus, Murine typhus, Rickettsialpox, and Scrub Typhus.
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae can cause asymptomatic infection, Eaton Agent, primary atypical pneumonia or walking pneumonia.
• Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species can cause clinical infections in the urogenital tract.
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma species can cause systemic infections in neonates and immunosupressed patients.
• Murine typhus, Rickettsialpox, and Scrub Typhus are diseases caused by Rickettsiaceae and Similar Organisms.
• Specimen collection and transport for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma species includes body fluids, wound and blood, and swabs.
• Chlamydiaceae include Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila psittaci.
• Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila psittaci are diseases caused by Chlamydiaceae.