Cell Structure and Transport

• The nucleus stores DNA in the cell
• Mitochondria breaks down organic compounds into ATP and creates energy for the cell
• The golgi apparatus is a flattened, membrane bound sac packages and distributes proteins
• Ribosomes are structures that make proteins
• The microscopic fibers that give the cell shape and support is called the cytoskeleton
• Cilia are hair like projections on cells that move substances across surfaces
• Flagella are long whip-like extensions from the surface of some cells that propel them through fluids.
• The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of membranes that moves proteins throughout the cell
• The chloroplast is only in plant cells and is where photosynthesis takes place
• The cell membrane is a phosphilipid bilayer that covers the cell and acts as a barrier
• Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall, which provides shape and support
• Lysosomes are small organelles that act as the digestive center of a cell
• Vesicles are small membrane bound sacs that help transport materials through the cell
• Ribosomes produce proteins on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
• The smooth ER makes and distributes lipids
• The rough ER produces and transports proteins
• A phospholipid is a lipid with a nonpolar tail and a polar head
• Cell membrane

  A) non polar

  B) Protein

  C) Protein channel

  D) carbohydrates

  
• Prokaryotic cells do not have nuclei or other membrane bound organelles. They are smaller than Eukaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotic cells have nuclei and membrane bound organelles. Animal and plant cells are Eukaryotic.
• Cell theory suggests that all organisms have 1 or more cells, and you need a cell to make another.
• homeostasis is the internal balance of the cell membrane that can only be mantained through selective permeation
• Hypotonic solutions have fewer dissolved solute particles compared to a cell. Water goes in.
• Hypertonic solution has more dissolved solute particles compared to a cell. Water comes out.
• Isotonic solution has an equal number of dissolved solute particles as a cell. No water movement occurs.
• Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient.
• Active transport requires energy (ATP) and moves molecules against their concentration gradient.
• Passive transport does not require ATP and moves molecules with their concentration gradient.
• Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP but uses carrier proteins to move molecules down their concentration gradients.
• Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from high to low concentration. The goal of diffusion is to reach equilibrium,
• Bulk transport is the way cells take in and push out materials.
• Endocytosis is when a substance moves into a cell in a vesicle.
• Exocytosis is when substances are released outside the cell through fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
• Gases, hydrophobic molecules, and small polar molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
• A protein pump is needed in active transport.
• Passive transport uses protein channels.
• Phagocytosis is when amoeba engulfs another