Endogenic and Exogenic

• Endogenic processes are internal geological processes that occur within the Earth's crust, mantle, or core.
• Exogenic processes are those that take place on Earth’s surface that make surface wear away, either on or above the surface of the earth.
• Weathering is a process that breaks rocks down into smaller pieces.
• Erosion is a process where rocks are broken down by natural forces such as wind or water.
• Erosion by water changes the shape of coastlines.
• Erosion by wind carries dust, wind and volcanic ash from one place to another, shaping the land.
• Erosion by ice can erode the land in frigid areas and on some mountaintops, where glaciers move slowly downhill and across the land.
• Gravity erosion, also known as Mass movement, is a process that pulls any loose bits down the side of a hill or mountain.
• Transport and Sedimentation are processes caused by forces within the earth, originating within the earth.
• Physical weathering, also known as mechanical weathering, is a term used in science that refers to the geological process of rocks breaking apart.
• Unloading is the most common type of physical weathering, found in granite, and involves the erosional stripping of the overlying rocks, causing an extensive crack to form a few cm or m below, and roughly parallel to the initial one.
• Exfoliation is a type of physical weathering where the successive removal of the outer rock sheets, each concentric broken layer of rock is an exfoliation sheet.
• Variance in weathering is influenced by climate factors such as water, which plays a significant role in both physical and chemical weathering.
• Geologic process involves the hydrolysis of silicate minerals, often producing clay minerals.
• Solution is a mineral-forming ion that dissociates and the separated ions are carried away in the water.
• Carbonation is the reaction of CO2 and H2O molecules with rock material, thereby decomposing it.
• Chemical weathering increases as more water comes into contact with rocks, being more effective and rapid in humid climates.
• Hydrolysis is the reaction of water molecules with chemical components of rock, forming minerals to create new compounds.
• The chemical reaction of oxygen with other substances is called oxidation.
• Arid regions experience weathering through crystal growth and hydration of salts.
• Mass wasting is the downslope transport of surface materials in response to gravity, involving almost all kinds of surface materials such as rock, snow and ice, soil earth, debris, and mud.
• Chemical union of oxygen atoms with another substance creates a new substance.
• Mosses produce weak acids that can wear away a rock’s surface.
• The substance left after chemical union with oxygen will have an altered chemical formula because it establishes a new bond with oxygen.
• Exfoliation dome is an unloaded, exfoliating outcrop of rock with a dome-like surface form.
• Thermal expansion and contraction is a process that causes rigid substances to crack and separate due to repeated heating and cooling.
• Freeze-thaw weathering occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually breaking the rock apart.
• Salt crystal growth is a process that happens when seawater penetrates crevices in rocks, which are found mostly in rocky shorelines and arid regions.
• Salt crystals expand when subjected to an increase in temperature, causing the widening of cracks.
• Falls consist of Earth materials plummeting downward freely through the air.
• Fast Mass Wasting can be witnessed by people.
• Avalanches are much of the involved material is pulverized and flows rapidly as an airborne density current along Earth’s surface.
• Slow Mass Wasting can be measured and its effects can be observed over long periods.
• Weathering is the breaking down of rocks either mechanically or chemically.
• Two principal types of Slow Mass Wasting are Creep and Solifluction.
• Weathering of rocks is caused by numerous factors such as climate, surface area and topographic relief, and rock composition.
• Slides are a cohesive or semicohesive unit of Earth material that slips downslope in continuous contact with the land surface.
• Creep is the slow migration of particles to successively lower elevations, usually less than a few cm per year, and is the most widespread and most persistent because it nearly affects all slopes that have weathered rock fragments at the surface.
• Debris is a given mass of sediment that contains a wide range of grain sizes.
• Earth is a thicker unit of soil.