Egypt

• The Nile River is the world's longest river used for irrigation, especially in farming.
• The Nile River's flood makes soil fertile.
• Egypt is known as the "Dark Land" due to the black silt brought by the Nile River.
• The Suez Canal is a human-made waterway that cuts north-south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt.
• An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger landmasses and separates two bodies of water.
• The Nile River formed a rich alluvial plain of fertile soil known as the Nile Delta.
• Egypt is known as the "Gift of the Nile" due to the fertile soil deposited by the Nile River each year.
• The beginning of Egyptian history is marked by the New Stone Age Men (5000 BC).
• The gift of the Nile is significant because without the floodwaters and fertile soil deposited by the Nile River each year, arid Egypt would be a wasteland.
• Egypt was established as independent villages (Nomes).
• Mizraim is the most ancient name for Egypt.
• Ancient Egyptians often referred to their country as the "Land of Ham."
• Egypt was known as the "Land of Deshret" or "red land" in ancient Egyptian.
• Kemet, Greeks called Egypt the "Land of Nile."
• Aigyptos is the Greek spelling of Egypt.
• Ancient Egyptian Obelisk is a stone rectangular pillar with a "pyramidion" used to commemorate a specific event or individual.
• Geometry in Ancient Egypt referred to earth measurement.
• Pyramids, palaces, obelisks, and temples were common in Ancient Egypt.
• The calendar in Ancient Egypt was similar to today's 365-day calendar.
• The calendar in Ancient Egypt was divided into 12 lunar months of 30 days each, plus 5 days for feasting at the end of the 12th month, totaling 365 days.
• Seagoing ships made of papyrus reeds were used in Ancient Egypt.
• Ancient Egyptians made use of sundials and water clocks for time measurement.
• Ancient Egyptians made practical inventions such as inclined plane and pulley.
• Edwin Smith Papyrus, a collection of 48 cases of clinical surgery, was discovered in Egypt around 1600 BC.
• The oldest math treatise in history, the Ahmes Papyrus, was discovered in Egypt around 2000 BC.
• Arithmetic in Ancient Egypt involved counting up to millions.
• Aegyptus is the Latin spelling of Egypt.
• Thutmose III, the founder of the Egyptian Empire, was the first official act as pharaoh was the removal of Hatshepsut’s inscription to monuments and temples.
• Amenhotep IV, the first pharaoh to practice a monotheistic religion, called God “Aton”, the creator of all things and symbol of goodness, and closed all temples in Thebes Tel-el-Amama became the capital.
• Amenemhet I, an Egyptian prince, founded the Twelfth Dynasty and Thebes became the capital.
• Amenemhet III was the greatest monarch of the Middle Kingdom.
• Amenemhet III dug a canal linking the Nile River and the Red Sea and promoted mining operations in Sinai.
• Ahmose I revolted and drove out the Hyksos, founded the Eighteenth Dynasty, and Thebes was reestablished as the capital.
• Thutmose III made Egypt a world power, expanded the economy, decorated his kingdom with obelisks and temples, and was the zenith of power and glory.
• The Hyksos conquered the Egyptians, plundered riches, and burned temples and works of art.
• Middle Kingdom (2160 – 1788 BC) is known as the Feudal Age.
• Queen Hatshepsut was one of the famous woman rulers in history, married her stepson (half-brother) Thutmose III, and initiated the construction of various projects all over ancient Egypt with all official representations of her.
• The Hyksos, also known as the Hittites, were a group of men from the Syrian Desert who invaded the Delta with war chariots and superior iron weapons.
• Egypt was a blessing to develop a homogeneous culture.
• The old kingdom collapsed into a struggle for kingship among competing nobles.