NCM FINALS

• Driving Forces are forces that push in a direction that causes change to occur.

  
  

  • They cause a shift in the equilibrium towards change.
• Restraining forces are forces that counter driving forces. They oppose change.

  • cause a shift in the equilibrium which opposes change
• Equilibrium is a state of being where driving forces equal restraining forces and no change occurs

  • can be raised or lowered by changes that occur between the driving and restraining forces
• Unfreezing Involves finding a method of making it possible for people to let go of an old pattern that was counterproductive in some way
• Moving to a new level Involves a process of change in thoughts, feeling, behavior, or all three, that is in some way more liberating or more productive
• Refreezing Is establishing the change as a new habit, so that it now becomes the “standard operating procedure.” Without this stage of refreezing, it is easy to backslide into the old ways.
• Trust, Mistrust 1 1/2 years

  ⮚Children either learn that the world is a safe and nurturing place or they learn to be mistrustful and frightened
• Autonomy, Shame/Doubt 2 to 3 years

  ⮚Children begin to have some control over their own bodies and to some extent, their lives, which allows for great independence and self-confidence
• Initiative versus Guilt 4 – 5 years

  ⮚Children expand their world; learn to control their new environments; acquire feelings of competence and independence; develop leadership skills
• Industry, Inferiority 6 – 11 years

  ⮚Children begin to have more social interactions; develop a sense of pride in accomplishments
• Identity, Role Confusion 12 – 18 years

  ⮚Main task of the adolescent is to achieve a state of identity; to know who he/she is and wants to be
• Intimacy, Isolation 18 – 35 years

  ⮚Exploring relationships, moving to commitment and long-term relationships; failure brings isolation
• Generativity versus Stagnation 35 – 65 years

  ⮚Being in the world; thoughts of future generations. What have we done to help those we love and the world at large?
• Integrity Despair over 65 years

  ⮚Reflecting back on life; few regrets or bitterness?
• Basic physiological needs

  ⮚Air, food, water, shelter, clothing, rest and sleep
• Safety

  ⮚Feelings of safety, ease and freedom from anxiety
• Love and belonging

  ⮚Friendships, family and intimate relationships
• Esteem

  ⮚Self-worth, confidence, achievement and respect of others
• Self-actualization

  ⮚Achieving who we can be; creativity, aesthetic needs and fulfilling potential
• Level I – Pre-conventional 4 – 10 years

  ⮚Stage 1: Punishment and obedience. Children obey to avoid being caught and punished

  ⮚Stage 2: Naive instrumental behaviorism. Children obey rules but only for pure self-interest. “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.”
• Level II: Conventional 10 – 13 years

  ⮚Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations. Children seek approval of others and adopt the “good boy-good girl” mentality. They base moral judgments on whether or not someone meant to do well.

  ⮚Stage 4: Law-and-order mentality. Children are concerned with authority and maintaining the social order. Correct behavior is “doing one’s duty.”
• Level III: Post-conventional 13 years and older

  ⮚Stage 5: Social contract. Laws are obeyed because they have been accepted by society as a whole

  ⮚Stage 6: Universal ethical principles. Individuals follow their own conscience about what is right. Behavior is the same no matter who is present.
• Five stages of grief

  Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
• Stage 0

  🞂Avoids pain and seeks pleasure

  🞂Has no sense of obligation to anyone else

  🞂Is self-absorbed (unaware or anyone’s needs other than those that are self-serving)

  🞂Does what he/she wants to do

  🞂Is amoral

  🞂Is totally egocentric in assuming that the world revolves around his/her needs and desires

  🞂Has thus no sense of cause-effect Is typically between the ages of 0-7
• Stage 1

  🞂Obeys rules in order to avoid punishment

  🞂Determines a sense of right and wrong by what is punished and what is not punished

  🞂Obeys superior authority and allows that authority to make the rules, especially if that authority has the power to inflict pain

  🞂Is responsive to rules that will affect his/her physical well-being

  🞂Is usually over the age of 7
• Stage 2

  🞂is motivated by vengeance or “an eye for an eye” philosophy

  🞂Is self-absorbed while assuming that he/she is generous

  🞂Believes in equal sharing in that everyone gets the same, regardless of need

  🞂Believes that the end justifies the means

  🞂Will do a favor only to get a favor

  🞂Expects to be rewarded for every non-selfish deed he/she doesIs usually over the age of 10
• Stage 3

  🞂Finds peer approval very important

  🞂Makes moral decisions on the basis of what will please a limited group and make the person feel included

  🞂Thus models behavior on that of the “majority” which is the behavior of the “in crowd” or peer group

  🞂Feels that intensions are as important as deeds and expects others to accept intentions or promises in place of deeds

  🞂Begins to put himself/herself in another’s shoes and think from another perspective

  🞂May continue to be in this stage until him/her has reached the 20s in age
• Stage 4

  🞂Continues past actions and behaviors in tradition since the maintenance of law and order is supremely important

  🞂Is a duty doer who believes in rigid rules that should not be changed

  🞂Respects authority and obeys it without question

  🞂Supports the rights of the majority or majority rule without concern for those in the minority

  🞂Is part of about 80% of the population that does not progress past stage 4
• Stage 5

  🞂Is motivated by the belief in the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people

  🞂Believes in contracts in which both parties compromise and yet both receive benefits

  🞂Believes in consensus (everyone agrees), rather than in majority rule

  🞂Respects the rights of the minority especially the rights of the individual

  🞂Believes that change in the law is possible but only through the systemHas reached the same stage as the official morality of the nation 
• Stage 6

  🞂Loses the ability to compromise high principles and thus may forfeit his/her life in order to uphold them

  🞂Believes that there are high moral principles than those represented by social rules and customs

  🞂Obeys these self-chosen high moral principles

  🞂Is willing to accept the consequences for disobedience of the social rule he/she has rejected

  🞂Uses only passive resistance and has no use for violence in any form

  🞂Respects justice for its moral nature and its legal natureBelieves that the dignity of humanity is sacred and that all humans have value 
• Stage 7

  🞂Is a “seeker of justice in an unjust world”

  🞂Has a cosmic perspective of life

  🞂Neglects any consideration for self

  🞂Focuses not on the individual but on the whole, a view of self as part of the infinite whole and not as an individual part that is significant

  🞂Thus is plagued with despair and sees a world of woe that he/she is inadequate to repair

  Possesses an altruism that is difficult for the world to comprehend and consequently his/her forgiveness and compassion often runs afoul of the world’s sense of justice I.e. moral level