non-communicable diseases

• What causes coronary heart disease?

  Narrowing of coronary arteries by fatty material
• What is the consequence of reduced blood flow in coronary heart disease?

  Less oxygen for the heart muscles
• What can result from reduced oxygen for the heart muscles?

  Heart attack
• What are the treatments for cardiovascular diseases?

  • Stent
  • Statins
  • Replace faulty heart valves
  • Transplants
• What is the purpose of a stent in treating cardiovascular diseases?

  To keep blocked coronary arteries open
• What is an advantage of using a stent?

  Allows more blood to flow
• What is a disadvantage of using a stent?

  Risks of infection and blood clots
• What do statins do?

  Reduce blood cholesterol levels
• What is an advantage of statins?

  Can prevent CHD from developing
• What is a disadvantage of statins?

  Possible side effects like muscle pain
• What happens when faulty heart valves are replaced?

  Control of blood flow through the heart is restored
• What is a major risk of replacing heart valves?

  Involves major surgery with risks
• What is the purpose of heart transplants?

  To treat heart failure with a donor heart
• What is a risk associated with heart transplants?

  Transplant could be rejected if mismatched
• What is a risk factor?

  Aspect of lifestyle increasing disease risk
• How can lifestyle risk factors affect non-communicable diseases?

  Can cause high rates of diseases in populations
• What is the effect of poor diet and exercise on type 2 diabetes?

  Body does not respond properly to insulin
• How does increased blood cholesterol affect cardiovascular diseases?

  Can lead to coronary heart disease
• What is a consequence of long-term alcohol use?

  Causes liver cirrhosis and impaired function
• How does alcohol affect brain function?

  Can cause anxiety and depression
• What risks does alcohol pose to unborn babies?

  Can cause miscarriage and birth defects
• What diseases are linked to smoking?

  Lung disease and cancers
• How do carcinogens affect cancer development?

  They can cause cancers in individuals
• What is cancer caused by?

  Changes in cells leading to uncontrolled growth
• What is the difference between malignant and benign tumours?

  Malignant tumours invade and spread; benign do not
• How do malignant tumours spread in the body?

  Through blood, forming secondary tumours
• What is the result of rapid division of abnormal cells?

  Formation of a tumour