behaviourist approach

• Who are often considered the first scientific psychologists?

  Behaviorists
• Why do behaviorists focus on observable actions?

  To maintain objectivity in their studies
• What do behaviorists study to conduct experiments?

  Stimulus and response mechanisms
• What is a major sacrifice made by behaviorists in their research?

  They ignore internal mental processes
• What is the behaviorist view of the mind?

  The mind is a black box
• What are the three features of the Psych Boost app?

  • Flashcards
  • Multiple choice quizzes
  • Key term tester
• What are the two main types of conditioning discussed?

  Pavlovian classical conditioning and Skinnerian operant conditioning
• How do behaviorists view the origin of behavior?

  Through interaction with the environment
• What do behaviorists believe about behavior learning?

  It is learned through experiences
• What is the difference between behaviorism and the idea of innate behavior?

  Behaviorism focuses on learned behavior
• What do behaviorists believe psychology should focus on?

  Objectively measurable behaviors
• What is a stimulus in behaviorist terms?

  An event that elicits a response
• What is the term for the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus?

  Classical conditioning
• Who developed the theory of classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?

  By being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
• How can classical conditioning explain the development of a phobia?

  Through association with an unconditioned stimulus
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning from the consequences of actions
• What is the role of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  To increase the likelihood of a behavior
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior
• What is punishment in the context of operant conditioning?

  Reducing behavior through consequences
• What is positive punishment?

  Adding an unpleasant stimulus to reduce behavior
• What is negative punishment?

  Removing a pleasant stimulus to reduce behavior
• How can parents use reinforcement to encourage tidiness in children?

  By praising them for cleaning their room
• What is extinction in operant conditioning?

  Stopping the reinforcement of a behavior
• What is behavior shaping?

  Rewarding increasingly complex behaviors
• How do classical and operant conditioning differ in terms of response?

  Classical is involuntary; operant is voluntary
• How does classical conditioning explain phobias?

  By associating a phobic object with fear
• What are the strengths of the behaviorist approach?

  • Focus on objective observation
  • Ability to demonstrate cause and effect
  • Standardized procedures for replication
• What are the limitations of the behaviorist approach?

  • Generalization to humans is problematic
  • Overly reductionist view of behavior
  • Ethical concerns in controlling behavior
• What are some real-life applications of behaviorism?

  Counter conditioning, token economies, classroom management
• How can behaviorism be seen as manipulative?

  By controlling human behavior through conditioning
• What is a criticism of behaviorism regarding human behavior complexity?

  It oversimplifies behavior to stimulus-response links
• What alternative explanations for behavior does behaviorism ignore?

  Social learning, unconscious mind, biology
• How does behaviorism raise the status of psychology?

  By emphasizing scientific methods and objectivity
• What is the role of ethical considerations in behaviorism?

  They limit the types of experiments conducted
• How does behaviorism relate to social media and gambling?

  Uses conditioning to manipulate user behavior