classification of schizo

• What is the focus of class one of schizophrenia?

  Classification of schizophrenia
• What are the two types of symptoms for schizophrenia?

  Positive and negative symptoms
• Why is diagnosing schizophrenia not foolproof?

  Due to issues with validity and reliability
• What percentage of the British population is affected by schizophrenia?

  About one percent
• At what age do the first symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear?

  Between 15 and 45
• Which gender is more likely to develop schizophrenia?

  Men
• What is a common misconception about schizophrenia?

  It involves multiple personalities
• How can schizophrenia be defined?

  As a break from reality
• What are the two positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

  Hallucinations and delusions
• What do positive symptoms represent in schizophrenia?

  Experiences additional to normal experience
• What do negative symptoms represent in schizophrenia?

  Lack of normal experiences or abilities
• Who identifies the symptoms of schizophrenia?

  A clinician
• What guides do clinicians use to diagnose schizophrenia?

  DSM-5 or ICD
• How many symptoms must be present for a schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Two symptoms for at least a month
• What is a common type of hallucination in schizophrenia?

  Hearing critical voices
• What are delusions in schizophrenia?

  Irrational beliefs about reality
• What is abolition in the context of schizophrenia?

  Loss of normal motivation and energy
• What does speech poverty refer to in schizophrenia?

  Loss of depth in communication
• How can disorganized speech manifest in schizophrenia?

  Random words added, jumping topics
• What is inter-rater reliability?

  Consistency between different doctors' diagnoses
• What is test-retest reliability?

  Same doctor gives same diagnosis over time
• What was the concordance rate found in the 1963 review of schizophrenia diagnoses?

  54 percent
• What does low inter-rater reliability suggest?

  Many may be misdiagnosed
• What is comorbidity in the context of schizophrenia?

  Diagnosis alongside other mental health conditions
• What percentage of schizophrenia patients also have depression according to Buckley?

  50 percent
• What is symptom overlap in schizophrenia?

  Shared symptoms with other mental health conditions
• How does gender bias affect schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Women may be underdiagnosed
• At what age do men typically develop schizophrenia symptoms?

  Around 25
• What is a potential reason for underdiagnosis in women?

  Better social ability and coping strategies
• What cultural bias is noted in schizophrenia diagnosis in the UK?

  Afro-Caribbean individuals are overdiagnosed
• What did studies in the Caribbean show about schizophrenia rates?

  Same one percent likelihood as the UK
• What is category failure in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Western definitions misapplied to non-western cultures
• How might Afro-Caribbean culture interpret hearing voices?

  As a religious experience
• What did Lauren and Powell's research find about diagnosis bias?

  Diagnosis influenced by client and psychiatrist's race
• What are the key issues with the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  • Reliability issues:
  • Inter-rater reliability
  • Test-retest reliability
  • Validity issues:
  • Comorbidity
  • Symptom overlap
  • Gender bias
  • Cultural bias
• What are the differences in symptom presentation between genders in schizophrenia?

  • Men:
  • Develop symptoms earlier
  • More likely to have negative symptoms
  • Worse social functioning
  • Women:
  • Develop symptoms later
  • More likely to have positive symptoms
  • Better coping strategies
• What are the implications of misdiagnosis in schizophrenia?

  • Inappropriate treatment
  • Missing out on necessary treatment
  • Complicated treatment due to comorbidity
• What are the cultural considerations in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  • Misdiagnosis due to cultural differences
  • Afro-Caribbean culture's acceptance of hearing voices
  • Category failure in applying Western definitions
• What are the effects of gender and race on schizophrenia diagnosis?

  • Women less likely to be diagnosed
  • Black clients more likely to be diagnosed
  • Accurate diagnosis when client and psychiatrist share race and sex