p2 mock

• How is ___ produced from crude oil?

  1. heat crude oil
  2. it rises as
  3. it cools and condenses
  4. at diff points dure to diff b.p
• effect of increaseing conc in a reaction

  increases rate of reaction as there are more particle so there is an increase in frequency of successful collisions
• effect of increeasing pressurue in a reaction

  there is less space for particles to move so increased rate of reaction as there will be an increased frequency of successful collisions
• effect of increased sureface area on a reaction

  increased rate of reaction as there is ore exposed particles leading to an increased frequency of successful collisions
• effect of increasing temp in a reaction

  particles will move faster causing particles to have more energy and have an increased frequency of succcessful collisions and so a higher rate of reaction
• le chatelier's principle

  if a change is made to a system in a dynamic equilibrium, the position moves to counteract this change
• effects on decreasing temp on the equilibrium of a reaction

  reaction wiill favour the exo reaction.

  this is a backwards reaction

  conc of reactants will increase
• oxygen test

  glowing splint

  result: splint relights
• hydrogen test

  squeaky pop test

  result: pop
• carbon dioxide test

  limewater -$Ca\left(OH\right)_2$

  result: colouress to cloudy
• chlorine test

  damp litmus paper

  result: blue to bleached
• chromatography practical

  1. start line w pencil- insoluble
  2. lid- stop solvent from evapourating
  3. paper stationary phase and solvent mobile phase
  4. ink travels up as solvent moves up the paper
• flame tests- for metal ions

  Li+: crimson

  Na+: yellow

  K+: lilac

  Ca2+: orange-red

  Cu2+: green
• drops of NaOH

  Ca2+: white ppt

  Cu2+: light blue ppt

  Fe2+: green ppt

  Fe3+: brown ppt

  Mg2+: white ppt

  Al3+: white ppt- excess NaOH: dissolves to colourless
• chemical tests- adv

  • accurate
  • sensitive
  • rapid
  • multiple samples at the same time
• limitations of chemical tests

  • inaccurate
  • insensitive
  • slow
• order of earth's atmosphere

  1. fire- 4.6 billion years ago
  2. water vapour- 3.4 million years ago
  3. algae/ bacteria- 2.6 billion years ago
  4. oxygen
• solutions to climate change

  alternative energy

  carbon capture

  planting trees

  international agreements
• what is used to separate crude oil

  fractional distilation- separates liquids with diff b.p.
• longer chains have higher b.p as they have more IMF so are stronger
• shorter chains have lower b.p as there sre weak IMF b/w molecules
• cracking

  break apart long hydrocarbons - steam (high temp) and catalytic
• carboxylic acid + metal $\rightarrow$ metal alkonate + water

  carboxylic acid + base $\rightarrow$ metal alkonate + water

  carboxylic acid + metal carbonate $\rightarrow$ metal alkonate + water + carbon dioxide
• formulation

  mixture that has been designed for a specific purpose to deliver a commercial product
• potable water process

  1. collect water frorm appropriate source
  2. sedimentation- sediment removed
  3. filter it
  4. steralise it
• characteristics of potable water

  • pH between 6.5 and 8.5
  • dissolved substance (e.g salts) will be present is very small regulated quantities
  • be free of bacteria or potentially harmful microbes
• desalinaion (potable water- purify water) process

  1. heat
  2. evapourate
  3. condensation
  4. collection
• reverse osmosis

  salty water is put under high pressure, forcing water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane so that nearly pure wayer collects on the other side of the membrane
• produce yeast

  sugar and ethanol