milgram & adorno - explanations for obedience

• What did Milgram's study aim to test regarding authority figures?

  It aimed to test obedience to authority figures.
• What percentage of participants in Milgram's study were willing to administer deadly shocks?

  65%
• What was the initial belief of psychologists regarding obedience to authority?

  Only a few percent would obey orders.
• What was the setting of Milgram's original obedience experiment?

  Yale University
• What were the roles assigned to participants in Milgram's experiment?

  • Teacher: Real participant
  • Learner: Confederate (actor)
• What did participants believe they were studying in Milgram's experiment?

  They believed it was a memory study.
• What device did participants use to administer shocks?

  A shock generator
• What were the voltage levels on the shock generator?

  15 volts to 450 volts
• What was the highest shock level labeled on the generator?


  XXX
• How did the learner respond to the shocks in the experiment?

  They cried out in pain.
• What did the scientist say when participants expressed concern for the learner's health?

  The scientist claimed responsibility for the experiment.
• What was the percentage of participants who continued to 300 volts?

  100%
• What is an agentic state according to Milgram?

  • Carrying out orders without guilt
  • No personal responsibility for actions
  • Focusing on authority figure's responsibility
• What is an autonomous state?

  • Feeling responsible for one's actions
  • Acting according to personal moral rules
  • Opposite of agentic state
• How does socialization affect the legitimacy of authority?

  It teaches us whom to respect and obey.
• How do uniforms affect perceptions of authority?

  They act as visible symbols of authority.
• What happened to obedience rates when the authority figure was further away?

  Obedience dropped to 21%.
• What was the effect of changing the location of the experiment?

  Obedience dropped to 47.5%.
• What was the obedience rate when the authority figure was in plain clothes?

  Obedience dropped to 20%.
• What are some criticisms of Milgram's research methodology?

  • Lacks mundane realism
  • Lacks ecological validity
  • Gender bias in sample
• What is a counter dispositional explanation for obedience suggested by Adorno?

  People with authoritarian personalities obey more.
• What are the strengths of Milgram's experimental methodology?

  • High level of control
  • Standardized procedures
  • Reliable results across contexts
• What does Adorno suggest about obedience in relation to personality?

  Not all people can display extreme obedience
• Who proposed the concept of the authoritarian personality?

  Adorno
• What is the significance of the Milgram experiment's methodology?

  It used standardized procedures for control
• What did Milgram's experiments demonstrate about obedience across different countries?

  Results were reliable across countries
• What ethical criticisms are associated with Milgram's study?

  Participants suffered emotional distress
• What is a counterargument to the ethical criticisms of Milgram's study?

  Harm was justified by research impact
• What did Hofling's study reveal about obedience in a hospital setting?

  Nurses complied with dangerous orders
• What was the percentage of nurses who complied in Hofling's study?

  95% complied
• How did Bickman's study demonstrate the influence of uniforms on obedience?

  Obedience increased with guard uniforms
• What was the highest obedience percentage found in Bickman's study?

  89% in the guard uniform condition
• What was the main finding of Sheridan and King's study?

  Participants delivered real shocks to a puppy
• What percentage of female participants shocked the puppy to the maximum level?

  100% of female participants
• What does Adorno's theory suggest about the authoritarian personality?

  It develops from a harsh upbringing
• What does the F scale measure?

  Authoritarian personality traits
• What is one factor measured by the F scale?

  Authoritarian submission
• How does Adorno's theory explain obedience differently than Milgram's findings?

  Obedience varies by individual disposition
• What correlation issue exists in studying the authoritarian personality?

  Other factors may influence the results
• What is a criticism of the F scale questionnaire?

  It may have acquiescence bias