Week 5

• What is the nurse's role in assessing pain?

  Assessing, documenting, and communicating pain
• Why is effective pain relief considered a basic human right?

  It alleviates suffering and improves quality of life
• What are the components of the nursing role in pain management?

  Assessing, ensuring relief, evaluating, monitoring, educating
• How many people in Canada and the US are affected by unrelieved musculoskeletal pain?

  More than 50 million people
• What is the estimated annual economic impact of global pain prevalence?

  Between $297.4 billion and $335.5 billion
• Why is pain not prioritized in many LMICs?

  Due to competing health issues like trauma and infectious diseases
• What is the definition of pain according to the study material?

  A complex phenomenon requiring ongoing assessment
• What does the sensory-discriminative dimension of pain involve?

  Perception of pain location, intensity, pattern, and quality
• What is the gate control theory of pain?

  A theory explaining acute pain mechanisms developed by Melzack and Wall
• Who proposed the idea of evaluating pain as a vital sign?

  1. James Campbell
• What is the consequence of inadequate pain management practices?

  Many patients remain in pain after surgery
• What can unrelieved acute pain lead to in patients?

  Increased morbidity and progression to persistent pain
• What is transduction in the context of pain physiology?

  Conversion of stimulus to neuronal action potential
• What does modulation in pain physiology involve?

  Activation of pathways that affect pain transmission
• What are the types of pain mentioned in the study material?

  Nociceptive, neuropathic, acute, chronic
• How do nurses often perceive patients' self-reporting of pain?

  Nurses may distrust patients' self-reports
• What are the categories of pharmacological interventions for pain management?

  • Mild Pain/Step 1: Nonopioid analgesics
  • Moderate/Step 2: Opioid + non-opioid
  • Severe/Step 3: Stronger opioids
• What is the ceiling effect in nonopioid analgesics?

  No tolerance or dependence develops with use
• What are some adverse effects of opioid analgesics?

  Low blood pressure and respiratory depression
• What are adjuvants/co-analgesics?

  Medications that enhance analgesic effects
• What are the routes of administration for pain management?

  Oral, intranasal, transdermal, parenteral
• What should be considered when assessing pain management effectiveness?

  Frequency of use and effectiveness of PRNs
• What is the significance of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)?

  Allows patients to manage their own pain relief
• What are the nursing considerations around pain management?

  • Routine vs PRN administration
  • Assessing patient’s use of PRNs
  • Strongest route of administration
  • Connection between pain management and mobility
• What is the purpose of pharmacological interventions in pain management?

  Counteract adverse effects of analgesics
• What are the routes of pharmacological interventions for pain management?

  • Oral
  • Sublingual and buccal
  • Intranasal
  • Rectal
  • Transdermal
  • Parenteral
  • Intraspinal (Epidural)
  • Patient Controlled Analgesic
• What should be assessed regarding a patient's use of PRN medications?

  Frequency and effectiveness of PRN use
• Which route of administration is typically the strongest for analgesics?

  Route with the highest efficacy
• How does pain management relate to patient mobility?

  It affects overall health outcomes
• What should be considered about frequency of assessment when a patient is on IV opioids?

  Regular assessments are crucial for safety
• What are the components of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)?

  • PCA dose: amount patient can administer
  • PCA Lockout: frequency of administration
  • Continuous rate: basal administration dose
  • 4-hour dose limit: max combined doses
  • Clinical Bolus: nurse-administered higher dose
• What is the typical size of a PCA bag?

  100 mL mini bag
• What should be done if PCA is ineffective after maximum dosing?

  Contact the provider
• What considerations should be made for patients who are sleeping while on PCA?

  Monitor for pain and dosing needs
• What routine should be considered for bowel and antiemetic management?

  Regular monitoring and administration
• What should be ordered PRN if respiratory depression occurs?

  Naloxone
• How does the dosing consideration differ between a 6'5" 50-year-old man and a frail 80-year-old?

  Dosing must be individualized based on patient
• What is equianalgesic dosing?

  • Dose of one analgesic equivalent to another
  • Focus on prevention and ongoing pain control
• What is the goal of appropriate analgesic scheduling?

  Prevent or control pain effectively
• What is analgesic titration?

  Dosage adjustment based on pain and side effects