Studying changes of a major UK city

• Urban areas in the UK have experienced significant change.
• Between 1960 and 1980, the docks closed and manufacturing was lost, particularly in the Lea Valley.
• Since 1981, the number of jobs in financial services and knowledge-based industries has increased.
• London faces many opportunities and challenges, including regeneration and urban sustainability.
• London has been greatly affected by migration.
• In addition, the redevelopment of London’s docklands (through the London Docklands Development Corporation) in the 1990s, and the redevelopment of East London prior to the 2012 Olympics, increased the number and variety of jobs available in London, making it a desirable place to live.
• One of the most famous of these is the Burgess or concentric zone model
• As a result, the population of both inner and outer London has risen.
• In the last 20 years, more UK residents moved out of London than moved into London.
• London has a relatively youthful population and so birth rates are higher than death rates.
• The large number of financial and knowledge-based job opportunities in London has attracted people from the rest of the world.
• In recent years, London has grown more by natural change than it has by net migration.
• This is because competition is high in the central parts of the settlement
• More international migrants have moved into London than have moved out in the last 20 years.
• London has the most culturally-diverse population in the UK.
• Many of the people that come to London as international migrants then leave the city to live elsewhere in the UK.
• High-rise, high-density buildings are found near the Central Business District (CBD), with low-density, sparse developments on the edge of the town or city
• London has a different population structure to the rest of the UK, with many more younger people of working age and fewer children.
• London is better represented by the Hoyt model
• This model adds sectors of similar land uses concentrated in parts of the city.
• Some zones, eg the factory/industry zone, radiate out from the CBD
• This is usually following the line of a main road or a railway
• In London, the River Thames became central to industry
• Therefore, working class housing was developed along the river, moving eastwards from the CBD
• London faces many opportunities and challenges, including regeneration and urban sustainability.
• The London Docklands underwent urban regeneration in the 1980s and 1990s.
• Canary Wharf is a part of the London Docklands where expensive apartments, exclusive shops and large company head offices are now found.
• The Olympic bid was partly successful on the basis of sustainability, which is the ability to keep something going over time without harming people or the environment.
• The 2012 London Olympics bid was partly successful on the understanding that a sporting complex would be created in Stratford for the Games and regenerated for local people to use after the competitors had left.
• After the Olympic Games were over, the park was named the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.
• Stratford is now a well-connected area of London, which allows commuters to travel to work easily.
• By 2036, more than 33,000 new homes will have been built in the park.
• New jobs in construction and tourism have created a multiplier effect, which occurs when a positive change happens, which then has a knock-on effect on other businesses.
• Five new neighbourhoods, with lots of green spaces planned in, will be built and around a third of those houses will be affordable.
• Stratford had one of the most deprived communities in the country, where unemployment was high and levels of health were poor.
• There was a lack of infrastructure in Stratford, including basic structures needed for an area to function, for example roads and communications, and the environmental quality was poor.
• London faces many opportunities and challenges, including regeneration and urban sustainability
• Comparing London with the Burgess and Hoyt models
• Urban regeneration in Stratford, London
• Improving urban sustainability in London