Random Definitions

• chloroplasts: Organelle that contains the green pigment, chlorophyll, and absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
• nucleus: Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell's activities.
• cell membrane: It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• mitochondria: Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration
• vacuole: Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
• cytoplasm: the liquid that fills the inside of a cell.
• diffusion: movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
• osmosis: the diffusion of water molecules, from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
• a balanced diet should contain carbohydrates, protein, lipid, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre
• ATP: (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy-carrying molecule used in cells because it can release energy very quickly.
• aerobic respiration equation: C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
• What are metabolic processes?

  Metabolic processes are the chemical reactions that occur within living organisms to maintain life
• what is a pathogen?

  A pathogen is a biological agent that causes disease in its host organism. Examples of pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites
• Characteristics of living organisms: Nutrition, Excretion, Respiration, Sensitivity, Reproduction, Growth, and Movement
• what does Biurets test for?

  proteins - if results are positive then colour changes from blue to lilac
• what does benedicts test for?

  sugar - if results are positive then colour changes from blue to brick red
• what does iodine test for?

  starch - if results are positive then colour changes from yellow to blue / black
• what does ethanol test for?

  fat - if results are positive then colour changes from colourless to cloudy white
• fats, also known as lipids, are broken down by lipase into fatty acids and glycerol
• proteins are broken down by protease into amino acids
• carbohydrates, such as starch, is broken down by amylase into maltose
• all digestive enzymes are made in the pancreas and the small intestine
• the stomach produces hydrochloric acid
• the small intestine has villi for absorption
• the nervous system relies on fast electrical impulses through the nerves. The change that they create acts very quickly.
• the endocrine system relies on hormones moving through the bloodstream. Their effects are much slower and longer lasting than the nervous sytem
• Xylem transports water and mineral salts from the roots up to other parts of the plant.
• Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids from the leaves and other parts of the plant
• The collecting duct in the nephron, is responsible for the selective reabsorption of water and for sending urine to the ureter.
• FSH is made in the pituitary gland and it stimulates follicle growth
• LH is made in the pituitary gland and it stimulates ovulation
• Oestrogen in made in the ovaries and it repairs uterus lining
• Progesterone is made in the ovaries and it maintains the uterus wall
• If plants don't get enough magnesium, they can't make enough chlorophyll and so their leaves will turn yellow. The growth of the plant may also be stunted as they won't be able to photosynthesise to produce sugars. 
• Proteins are needed for cell growth, so if a plant doesn't get enough nitrates it won't grow properly. This leads to stunted growth and yellow leaves. 
• Nitrates are needed by plants because they make amino acids and hence proteins. 
• malaria is caused by plasmodium
• What does metabolic mean?

   All the chemical reactions in the cells of an organism
• What apparatus can be used to measure the volume of a gas?

  gas syringe
• Bacteria store DNA in the chromosome and the plasmids