botany (general)

• Botany is the scientific study of plants and plant-like organisms, also known as plant biology.
• Botany encompasses the origin, diversity, structure, and internal processes of plants, as well as their relationship with other organisms and with the nonliving physical environment.
• Botany comprises many disciplines including plant molecular biology, plant biochemistry, plant cell biology, plant anatomy, plant morphology, plant physiology, plant genetics, plant ecology, plant systematics, plant taxonomy, and paleobotany.
• Plants are divided into two groups: plants 1, which contain all photosynthetic organisms that use light, water, and CO2 to make organic compounds and O2, and plants 2, which are all organisms from the vegetabilia kingdom, normally green organisms with a stem or leaves.
• Taxonomy, classification, and systematics are terms with similar meanings, and there are 7 main levels of taxonomy: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Monera, Protista, Vegetabilia, and Animalia.
• Monera consists of prokaryotes such as Bacteria and Archaea, which have the simplest cells without a nucleus.
• Protista are eukaryotes without tissues, examples include algae and fungi.
• Vegetabilia and Animalia have tissues but have obtained them for completely different purposes.
• Digitalis purpurea, also known as Foxglove, contains Digitalis, which is used as a heart stimulant.
• Datura spp., also known as Jimson weed, contains Atropine, hycosamine and scopolamine, which are used as anesthetics and antispasmodic drugs.
• Atropa, also known as Deadly nightshade, contains Atropine, scopolamine and hyoscamine, which are used as anesthetic and antispasmodic drugs.
• Cephahelis ipecacuanha, also known as Ipecac, has compounds in the rhizome that induce vomiting.
• Cryosphanic acid, a compound from Aloe spp., promotes healing of burns.
• Curcuma longa, also known as Turmeric, has compounds in the rhizome extract that lower cholesterol.
• Catharanthus roseus, also known as Rosy periwinkle, produces Vinblastine and Vincristine, which are used as anti tumor drugs.
• Aloe spp. is known as Aloe.
• Gingko biloba, also known as Gingko, has compounds in the leaf extracts that improve memory.
• Ephedra spp., also known as Ephedra, contains Ephedrine, which lowers blood pressure.
• Viri or virus are merely pieces of DNA or RNA which are out of cells of living organisms of all four kingdom.
• Phototrophy is the process of obtaining energy from sunlight.
• Litotrophy is the process of obtaining energy from chemical reactions with inorganic matter.
• Organotrophy is the process of obtaining energy from breaking organic molecules into inorganic molecules, typically carbon dioxide and water.
• Autotrophy is the process of obtaining energy from the assimilation of carbon dioxide.
• Heterotrophy is the process of obtaining energy from other living things.
• Atoms are the smallest particle of an element that possesses the properties of the same element.
• Protons are positively charged or have a 1+ charge.
• Neutrons have no charge.
• Electrons are negatively charged or have a 1- charge.
• Atomic weight is equal to the weight of protons and neutrons.
• Isotopes have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons, they are unstable.
• Cell cycle is the sequence of events from the time a cell first arises as a result of cell division until the time when that cell itself divides.
• The cell walls of most algae contain cellulose but also include many different types of secondary compounds not found in plant cell wall.
• Plasmodesmata are channels that bring connections between cytoplasm of the cell despite of the barriers between cells.
• Each chromosomes appears as two sister chromatids, the replicated DNA strands produce during the S phase.
• At its centromere, each chromatid forms a complex structure of proteins called kinetochore.
• Telophase is the reverse of prophase, the nuclear envelope reforms in each cell, the chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle disappear.
• The first part of interphase is G1 phase, which consists of early cell grows, development and its functions as a particular type of a cell.
• Some algae have glasslike cell walls in which silica is the principal component.
• Chitin is the cell wall of the fungi, a carbohydrates similar in structure to cellulose.
• Desmotubules are a plasma membrane of the Plasmodesmata that usually surrounds and contain connections of the organelle.