glycolysis

• where does glycolysis take place?

  The cytoplasm
• what are the 3 main stages of glycolysis ?

  phosphorylation of glucose into hexose bisphosphate

  Splitting hexose bisphosphate into two triose phosphate molecules

  Oxidation of triose phosphate into pyruvate
• what are the net products of glycolysis?

  2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
• In respiration, enzyme that catalyse oxidation and reduction reactions need the help of co-enzymes to accept hydrogen atoms removed during oxidation. So, NAD is used.
• What is NAD and what is it's purpose in respiration?

  NAD is a non-protein molecule that helds dehydrogenase enzymes to carry out oxidation reactions. NAD oxidised substrate molecules during glycolysis, the link reaction and the Kreb's cycle.
• Where is NAD synthesised from in living cells?

  NAD is synthesised in living cells from Nicotinamide (vitamin B 3), the five-carbon sugar ribose, the nucleotide base Adenine, and two phosphoryl groups.
• What does reduced NAD do in respiration?

  Reduced NAD (NADH) carries protons and electrons to the cristae of the mitochondria, delivering them to be used in oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP from an inorganic phosphate group and adeno DI phosphate. When NADH gives up it's protons and electrons that it accepted during the initial stages of respiration, it becomes oxidized and will be reused to oxidise more substrate- continually being reduced and oxidised.