LO2

• What is the focus of behaviourism?

  Observable behaviour and environmental stimuli
• Who are notable behaviourists mentioned in the study material?

  Darwin, Lorenz, and Tinbergen
• What does ethology study?

  Animal behaviour in natural settings
• How do behaviours evolve according to Darwin?

  Behaviours evolve to increase survival and reproduction
• What is imprinting in geese as discovered by Lorenz?

  Attachment to the first moving object seen
• What is the significance of Lorenz's work in ethology?

  Emphasized studying innate behaviours in development
• What are Tinbergen's Four Questions of Animal Behaviour?

  Causation, Development, Function, Evolution
• causation ?

  Immediate causes of the behaviour
• development ?

  How behaviour develops over an animal's lifetime
• function?

  Evolutionary function or survival advantage of behaviour
• What are the two types of behaviour patterns mentioned?

  Events and states
• What are examples of events in animal behaviour?

  • Yawning
  • Sneezing
  • Running
  • Barking
  • Fighting
• What are examples of states in animal behaviour?

  • Sleeping
  • Eating
  • Sitting
  • Stretching
  • Waking up
• What is an ethogram?

  A chart of species-specific behaviours
• What is focal sampling in behaviour observation?

  Focus on one individual for a specific time
• What is a strength of focal sampling?

  Provides detailed data on an individual’s behaviour
• What is a limitation of focal sampling?

  May not represent group behaviour
• What is scan sampling in behaviour observation?

  Record behaviour of all animals at intervals
• What is a strength of scan sampling?

  Provides a broad overview of group dynamics
• What is a limitation of scan sampling?

  Less detailed for individuals
• What is one reason for studying animal behaviour?

  Improving captive animal management
• How does studying animal behaviour assist in conservation efforts?

  It helps understand migration or breeding patterns
• What is a benefit of improving animal welfare through behaviour studies?

  Identifying stressors enhances overall well-being
• What are the behaviour sampling techniques used in animal behaviour studies?

  • Focal sampling: Observing one individual for a set period
  • Behaviour sampling: Recording specific behaviours across multiple individuals
  • Scan sampling: Observing and recording behaviours at fixed intervals
• What is the main difference between video cameras and in situ observation?

  Recording allows for later analysis
• What is an ethogram used for in animal behaviour studies?

  Charts categorising behaviours for structured recording
• What are states and events in animal behaviour?

  States are long-lasting; events are brief occurrences
• What two measurements can be taken when recording behaviour?

  Frequency and duration
• How can graphs be used in data analysis of animal behaviour?

  To visualize behavioural trends
• What should a written report on observed behaviours include?

  • Summary of observed behaviours
  • Potential explanations for behaviour
  • Considerations for improving welfare or management
• What is the overall purpose of studying animal behaviour?

  • Improve welfare
  • Enhance conservation
  • Optimize management
• Who are some notable ethologists mentioned in the study material?

  Lorenz, Darwin, and Tinbergen
• Why is it important for observation to be non-intrusive?

  To adhere to ethical standards
• How should data from animal behaviour studies be reported?

  Using graphs and detailed explanations
• What is the learning outcome related to animal behaviour?

  Observe Animal Behaviour
• Why is studying animal behaviour important?

  • Provides insights into animal welfare
  • Helps in conservation efforts
  • Enhances understanding of evolutionary processes
• Who studied imprinting in birds?

  Konrad Lorenz
• What did Konrad Lorenz highlight about early experiences?

  They impact behaviour
• Who developed the theory of natural selection?

  Charles Darwin
• What does the theory of natural selection explain?

  How behaviours evolve for survival