LO4

• What are the two types of interspecific communication?

  • Interspecific communication: between different species
  • Intraspecific communication: within the same species
• What are the four methods of animal communication?

  1. Vision (Body Language & Facial Expressions)
  2. Auditory/Hearing (Vocalisations & Other Sounds)
  3. Chemical (Smell, Pheromones & Taste)
  4. Tactile/Touch (Physical Contact)
• How do animals use vision in communication?

  To convey emotions, warnings, or dominance
• What role does auditory communication play in animals?

  Used for warnings, mating calls, or bonding
• What is the function of chemical communication?

  Signals reproductive status, territory, or warnings
• How does tactile communication function in animals?

  Through physical contact to strengthen bonds
• What are the benefits of social structures in animals?

  • Provide protection
  • Enable cooperative hunting
  • Share responsibilities
• What is a linear hierarchy?

  A clear ranking system
• What is a complex hierarchy?

  A fluid social structure with shifting ranks
• How do animals maintain dominance relationships?

  Through subtle communication to reduce conflict
• What is agonistic behaviour?

  Behaviour related to conflict
• What is social bonding and affiliative behaviour?

  • Non-aggressive social interactions
  • Strengthen relationships among individuals
• What is altruism in animals?

  Helping others at one's own expense
• What are the different mating systems in animals?

  1. Polygamy
  2. Monogamy
  3. Non-Associative Mating
  4. Courtship
• What is polygamy?

  One individual mates with multiple partners
• What is monogamy?

  One male and one female form a pair bond
• What is non-associative mating?

  Mating occurs without pair bonding
• What is courtship?

  A set of behaviours to attract mates
• What are the types of parental behaviour and strategies?

  1. Biparental Care
  2. Intensive Parental Care
  3. No Parental Investment
  4. Parent-Offspring Bonding
  5. Imprinting
• What is biparental care?

  Both parents invest in raising offspring
• What is intensive parental care?

  High investment in a small number of offspring
• What is no parental investment?

  Offspring are left to survive on their own
• What is parent-offspring bonding?

  Ensures young receive protection and guidance
• What is imprinting?

  A form of learning at a specific life stage
• What are the key points for revision on animal behaviour?

  • Communication methods: visual, auditory, chemical, tactile
  • Social behaviours: hierarchies, dominance, affiliative behaviours
  • Mating strategies: monogamy, polygamy, parental investment
  • Imprinting: key role in early learning and survival