dose formulations + administration routes (10%)

• natural drugs

  • substances that occur in nature and are naturally occurring
  • derived from plants, animals, minerals
• plant sourced drugs

  • acetylsalicylic acid/aspirin: analgesic from white willow bark
  • cocaine: local anesthetic from coca plant
  • codeine/morphine: analgesics from opium poppy plant
  • digoxin: cardiac glycoside from foxglove plant
  • vincristine/vinblastine: anticancer drugs from periwinkle plant
• animal sourced drugs

  • bovine insulin: cow pancreas
  • porcine insulin: pig pancreas
  • pepsin: cow stomach
  • thyroid hormones: pig thyroid glands
• mineral sourced drugs

  • ferrous sulfate/iron
  • gold: treats arthritis
  • magnesium: in milk of magnesia which is a laxative and an antacid
  • potassium: treats low blood lvls of potassium
  • sodium chloride: common base solution for iv therapy
  • zinc: in skin protectants and sunscreen
• synthetic drugs

  • drugs produced in the lab, not naturally occurring
  • adrenalin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin, barbiturates, oxycontin
• semisynthetic drugs

  • naturally occurring substance that has been chemically altered
• synthesized drugs

  • drug made in a lab to imitate a naturally occurring drug
• in practice, most drugs that don't occur in nature and are produced in the lab are called synthetic
• genetically engineered drugs

  • synthetic drugs produced by means of recombinant DNA or monoclonal antibodies
  • human insulin, recombinant hepB vaccine, rituxan, zevalin, erbitux, avastin
• recombinant DNA (rDNA)

  • genetically engineered drugs where two diff strands of DNA are combined to make a new one
  • human insulin, recombinant hepatitis B vaccine
• monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)

  • genetically engineered drugs where hybrid cells are created in a lab from animals
  • rituxan, zevalin, erbitux, avastin
• three classifications of drug nomenclature

  • chemical name
  • generic name
  • brand/trade name
• all drug products have a chemical and generic name, but not all have a trade/brand name
• chemical name

  • refers to chemical structure of drug
  • named according to guidelines of international union of pure and applied chemistry
• generic/nonproprietary name

  • identifies active ingredient in drug
  • assigned to drug by manufacturer and the FDA
  • usually not capitalized
  • not restricted by copyright or trademark
  • substance only has one of these
• trade/brand/proprietary name

  • registered/trademarked name of a drug by their specific manufacturer
  • normally capitalized
  • one drug can have multiple of these
• pharmacological drug classification

  • describes the drug's effect on the body
• therapeutic classification of drug

  • describes drug's clinical mechanism of action
• dosage form

  • how medication is prepared to be administered to patient
  • primarily liquid and solid
  • medications can come in multiple forms
• solid dosage form

  • most widely available form of medication
  • can be administered in different routes
  • easier to self administrate
  • usually have longer shelf life
  • easier to pack and ship
  • dosing is more accurate
  • have little to no taste
  • can be formulated as extended release
  • may have difficulty swallowing
  • can't be used for people on ventilators
  • take longer to be absorbed and broken down in the body
• tablets

  • solid meds compacted into a small shape
  • usually taken orally
  • classified by how they are made: molded or compressed
  • chewable, effervescent, fast dissolving, sublingual, buccal, vaginal most common types
• molded tablets

  • made with a mold and wet materials
• compressed tablets

  • formed by die-punching compressed substances into uniform shape
  • covered with a film/sugar/enteric coating to mask bad flavor and protect from humidity and make it easier to swallow
  • enteric coatings keep tablet from being dissolved in the stomach and make meds release in the body in a period of time
• caplets

  • film coated tablets in the shape of a capsule
• chewable tablets

  • tablets that should be chewed
  • most commonly used for kids
  • usually include sweeteners
• effervescent tablets

  • dissolved in liquid before administration
  • contain ingredients that release active ingredient by reacting with liquid
  • completely dissolve before administration, making them absorb in the body quicker
• fast dissolving tablets

  • can be taken with or without water
  • being dissolving immediately once they're in the mouth
  • completely eliminates need for liquid
• sublingual tablets

  • absorbed when tablet is placed under the tongue
  • ingredients are absorbed through mouth lining into bloodstream
  • useful for medications destroyed by stomach acids or poorly absorbed in GI tract
• buccal tablets

  • disintegrate in buccal pouch of mouth
  • absorbed into blood through cheek lining
• vaginal tablets

  • dissolve and absorbed through vaginal lining
  • useful if immediate treatment is needed within vaginal wall s
• capsule

  • solid medication where active/inactive ingredients are contained in a shell
  • shells usually made of gelatin (can be soft or hard)
• soft gelatin shell capsules

  • ingredients are added to shell to give soft and elastic consistency
  • two halves of capsule are sealed together
  • shape can vary
  • filled with powder, pasty, or liquid medication
  • gel caps: have oil based medication
• hard gelatin shell capsules

  • two oblong halves joined together
  • only filled with powder medications
  • often for oral administration, should be swallowed whole
  • can be opened, can season food with the medication for faster absorption
• lozenges

  • or pastilles, troches
  • hard disk shapes solid with a sugar base
  • variety of local therapeutic effects
  • remains in mouth until completely dissolved
• powders

  • fine particles of active and inactive ingredients are ground up
  • usually packaged as large supplies for bulk compounding
  • measured with powder paper (paper that measures exactly one dose of powder)
• internal powders

  • administered after dissolving in liquid
  • potassium supplements
• external powders

  • can be applied directly to skin
  • aka dusting powders
  • mycostatin powder
• granules

  • powders that are wetted then dried
  • one dried, the powder is ground into course nonuniform particles
  • commonly in pediatric antibiotic suspensions
  • distilled water is added and then shaken until dissolved
• medicated sticks

  • solid dosage form in topical application of local anesthetics, sunscreen, antivirals, antibiotics, cosmetics
• semisolid dosage form

  • only partly solid
  • viscosity and rigidity b/w solid and liquid