4.1.1

• homologous series: a group of compounds that have the same functional group and the same general formula but differ by CH2 each
• a saturated hydrocarbon has only single covalent bonds
• an unsaturated hydrocarbon has at least 1 double or triple carbon to carbon covalent bond
• aliphatic: carbon atoms are joined in a chain
• alicyclic: carbon atoms are joined in a ring structure
• aromatic: there is a benzene ring (6 carbon atoms with alternating double bonds) within the ring structure
• how to name an organic alkane molecule: carbon number - other group + alkane + functional group
• rules for naming organic alkane chemicals: number show which carbon the group is bonded to, dashes separate words and numbers, commas separate numbers, prefixes are written alphabetically, count from the side of the chain that gives you the lowest number carbons in the name, the functional group takes priority
• first 10 alkanes: methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane
• alkyl group formula: CnH2n+1
• alkane general formula: CnH2n+2
• structural formula: the formula of a compound that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
• displayed formula: shows bonds
• cyclohexane symbol

  
• benzene symbol

  
• benzene symbol

  
• Alkenes general formula: Cn H2n
• Skeletal formula: a simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from the alkyl chains. Each corner represents a carbon atom. If a group is on the end of the chain it has its own corner. double bonds are shown with a double line
• isomerism: the same molecular formula with different structural formulas
• chain isomers: alkyl group (carbon chain) in a different place
• positional isomers: functional group in a different place
• functional isomers: different functional group
• structural isomers: compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
• stereoisomers: molecules with the same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the space
• if a molecule has a double bond it can only have 2 stereoisomers
• if functional groups are opposite from each other on the double carbon bond they are called trans stereoisomers
• if the functional groups are on the same side of the double bond they are called cis
• cahn-ingold-prelog rules: identify the double carbon bonds, measure the atomic mass number of both the groups on the left, the highest is needed, do the same to the right, now compare
• if the highest different groups are on the same side (above, below) the double bond the CIP rules say it is an Z isomer
• if the highest different groups are on opposite sides of the double bonds the CIP rules say it is an E isomer
• OH group anywhere : alcohol group beginning with hydroxy or ending ol
• COH Group on end: aldehyde al on end
• c-c group: alkane, ane on end
• c=c group: alkene, ene on end
• COOH group on end: carboxylic group, oic acid on end
• group 7 anywhere: haloalkane, element prefix at beginning
• C=O group anywhere but end: ketone, one on end
• Reaction mechanisms show the movement of electrons
• Breaking one or more covalent bonds is called bond fission
• Homolytic fission: when the covalent bond breaks each bonding atom receives 1 electron from the bonding pair forming 2 radicals