Misleading Information

• What is eyewitness testimony (EWT)?

  Information recalled about a crime by an eyewitness.
• How can misleading information affect EWT?

  Through leading questions and post-event discussions.
• What did Loftus and Palmer (1974) investigate?

  The effects of leading questions on speed estimates.
• What were the results of Loftus and Palmer’s study?

  “Smashed” led to an 8.7 mph higher estimate.
• What does Loftus and Palmer’s study suggest?

  Leading questions can alter memory, not just bias.
• What is post-event discussion?

  When co-witnesses discuss an event, influencing recall.
• What did Gabbert et al. (2003) find?

  71% recalled details they hadn’t seen.
• What does memory conformity mean?

  Witnesses change recall trusting others' accounts.
• What is own-age bias?

  Better recall for people of the same age group.
• What are demand characteristics?

  Participants try to please researchers by guessing answers.