Misleading information

• What is the focus of the study material?

  Factors affecting eyewitness testimony accuracy
• What does misleading information include in eyewitness testimony?

  Leading questions and post-event discussion
• What are the lesson objectives regarding eyewitness testimony?

  • Understand what Eye Witness Testimony (EWT) is
  • Understand the role of Leading Questions in EWT
  • Know Loftus & Palmer’s study in detail
  • Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of research into misleading information & EWT
  • Understand how Loftus’ research differs from real-life EWT
• What task is suggested to assess memory of a 10p coin?

  Draw a picture of a 10p coin
• What does the awareness test demonstrate about memory?

  It shows how difficult recall can be
• Why might different questions change eyewitnesses’ perceptions of speed?

  Different verbs suggest varying levels of intensity
• How many films were shown to participants in Loftus and Palmer's Experiment 1?

  7 films
• What was the critical question in Loftus and Palmer's Experiment 1?

  How fast were the cars going?
• What was the mean speed estimated when the verb 'smashed' was used?

  40.8 MPH
• What does Loftus and Palmer's research show about misleading information?

  It can distort eyewitness memory
• What defines a leading question?

  A question suggesting a desired answer
• How many groups were participants split into in Experiment 2?

  3 groups
• What was the control group in Experiment 2 asked?

  Nothing about the speed
• What was the result regarding broken glass in Experiment 2?

  The 'smashed' group saw the most glass
• How long after the initial questioning were participants asked about broken glass?

  1 week
• What is the DV in Loftus and Palmer's first experiment?

  Estimate of speed
• How many experimental conditions were there in Experiment 1?

  5 conditions
• What type of measures were used in both experiments?

  Independent measures
• What is a potential issue with the participants in Loftus and Palmer's studies?

  They were all students
• What are some applications of Loftus and Palmer's research?

  • Police questioning witnesses
  • Teachers asking questions
  • Legal settings for eyewitness reliability
• What is ecological validity in the context of Loftus' research?

  It was low due to laboratory conditions
• How might the emotional state of a witness affect their memory?

  It could impair attention and recall
• What does validity refer to in research?

  Measuring what it set out to measure
• How does Loftus' research compare to real-life eyewitness testimony?

  It lacks realism and emotional context
• What is the significance of Yuille and Cutshall’s (1986) research?

  It provides real-life context for EWT
• What is one issue with estimating speed in Loftus' studies?

  It may vary by participant experience
• How might the visibility of a driver affect eyewitness memory?

  It could influence recall based on stereotypes
• What factors could affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

  Leading questions and emotional state
• What is the role of misleading information in eyewitness testimony?

  It can distort memory and perceptions
• What is the main conclusion from Loftus' research?

  Misleading information can distort eyewitness memory
• What are two applications of the study mentioned?

  Police questioning witnesses and teachers asking questions
• Why might estimating speed be easier for some groups?

  Because of their experience, like taxi drivers
• How could the visibility of the driver affect eyewitness testimony?

  It may influence the witness's memory of the event
• What does validity refer to in research?

  When a study measures what it intended to measure
• How does witnessing a real-life car crash affect memory?

  It may lead to distorted or altered memories
• What is the ecological validity of Loftus's study?

  It is low due to being a laboratory study
• What emotional factors might affect eyewitness testimony in real life?

  Fear, shock, and the presence of victims
• What did Baun et al (2002) find regarding misleading information?

  It can create inaccurate (false) memories
• What misleading material did participants see in Baun et al's study?

  Misleading advertising material featuring characters
• What was a significant finding from Baun et al's study about Disneyland?

  Participants incorporated incorrect information into memories