crime and the law quizlet

• Describe economic cause of crime?

  an economic cause of crime means someone committed a crime because they dont have enough money or they want to get more money
• Describe social cause of crimes


  a social cause of crime means someone commited a crime because of the environment around them,the people they know,the school they go to ,where they live etc
• Describe biological causes of crimes?

  A biological cause of crime means someone comitted a crime because of things they cant controll. they were born with a mental illness or develop a mental illness etc
• what is 10 things that make a psychopath

  1- zero empathy2- superficial charm 3- narcism overload4- constant and compulsive lying5- highly intelligent6- no regrets 7- violence8- reckless behaviour 9- OCD/obsessive behabiour10- the P factor
• What is the warrior gene?

  -it makes it harder for you to controll impulses -it can make you agressive -6in 10 people have this gene
• what gender is most likely to commit a crime and why?

  Men are more likely to commit a crime since they have higher testosterone levels
• what are economic causes of crime

  Greed Unemployment Poverty
• Give examples of someone who would be affected by crime

  -Lawyers-Business owners-Police--family of victims-General public-Victim-Perpitrator-Community-Family of Perpitrator
• What is a Perpitrator?

  Someone who commits a crime
• give a Consequence of crime for the Perpitrator


  -Struggling to get a job (only 17% of Perpitrators get a job in the first year following their release)
• consequence of crime to wider society

  -Economics-the cost because of a crime - socially - the crime rate in the area goes up and makes it a bad place to live
• Consequences of crimes- families

  Both the families of the perpatrator and the victim would be affected by crimeconsequences for family of perpatrators- not having enough income to support the family- getting blamed for family members actionsconsequences for the victims family- loss of a loved one
• The high court of judiciary

  The highest court in the uk- A judge presides -There is a jury present -Powers are unlimitedTypes of crimes dealt with there -Murder- Sexual offences- Armed robbery
• Sherrif court Solemn


  The next highest court - A sheriff presides- There is a jury present - the powers they have maximum 5 year/fineTypes of crimes dealt with there- Murder-Serious assault
• Sheriff court (summery)


  - A judge presides-There is no jury present-They can sentence up to 12 months in prison or a £5000 fine.types of crimes dealt with there-Theft- Breech of Peace -Antisocial behaviour
• Justice of the Peace Courts


  - A sheriff presides-No jury present - They can sentence 60 days or a fine of up to £2500
• What is the difference between Solemn and summary Sheriff courts

  Solemn courts deal with more serious crimes and can sentence more than summary
• What does a judge take into account when deciding a sentence?

  How serious a crime was and offenders circumstances
• What are different kinds of sentences a judge can give, apart from prison?

  Warning, fine or community payback
• When should a prison sentence definitely be used

  If it was against a vulnerable person
• Why are courts effective?

  -they can send people to prison (keeping us safe) - Stop re-offending- Punishes the criminals - Helps rehabilitation
• Why are courts ineffective

  - They dont use alternative sentencing- They use short term prison sentences too much which increases the chances of re-offending
• why do we have prisons?

  - Justice- Rehabilitation- Safety- Deferent
• State the different crimes people may commit

  One type of crime is white collar crime:Explain - This is crimes such as fraud, bribery, forgery and computerbased theft that is carried out by individuals who work in non-manual jobs such as bankers.Example - This type of crime is not highly visible and not always reported but is estimated to cost UK businesses £4 billion a year.Another type of crime is hate crime:Explain - This is when a person is physically attacked, threatened with physical violence or subjected to abusive language due to their religion or race e.t.c.Example - Instances of hate crime increased in Manchester following the Manchester bombing attack with records of reported Islamophobia rising 500%.Blue collar crime:Explain - Blue collar crimes refer to crimes such as breaking and entering, vandalism or assault. These are crimes that are more likely to be connected by people who are low on the socio-economic scale and who work in manual jobs or who are unemployed.Example - For example, the 2016 Scottish crime and Justice survey showed that despite a decline in overall crime in Scotland, people from the poorest areas experienced no change in their levels of crime.
• State crimes likely to be commuted by young people

  Anti social behaviour:Explain -This is persistent behaviour which causes an annoyance, alarm and anxiety to other peopleExample - In areas of high deprivation such as Easterhouse in Glasgow it is commonplace that groups of youths will conjugate at shops and drink in the public parks and this can be intimidating to other residentsGang crime:Explain - Many young men and girls to a lesser extent join gangs that are based in territorial Lee and fight with other gangs from other areasExample - A recent study found that there are around 110 gangs that operate in Glasgow aloneVandalism:Explain - This is when young people will vandalise a piece of property which could be anything from a wall to a bus shelter with writing or with tools such as spray paint cansExample -This also occurs in high deprivation areas such in Glasgow often accompanied by the phrase 'there's noting to do around here'.
• Why do some people commit crime

  Poverty:Explain - People who live in poverty may commit crimes such as burglary, theft or shoplifting in order to acquire money for goods which they could not otherwise afford or in order to participate in activities they normally would not be able to do.Example - Crime rates are much higher and the 15% most deprived areas of Scotland than in other less deprived areas elsewhere.Poor education:Explain - A lack of qualifications can cause people to accept low paying jobs or be unemployed, resulting in crime appearing to be the only option to secure an income. Children from deprived areas also are more likely to be excluded from school which also has a negative impact on their education.Example - Over half the individuals in Scottish prisons said that they were often excluded from school and four in 10 said they often attended a children's panel.Poor upbringing leads them into having low self-esteem and poor interpersonal skills:Explain - Children who lack role models in their family or who have grown up and care me see crime as a means of survival or as a form of protection from society they do not feel a part of.Example - Nearly 1 in three men and over a quarter of women and Scottish prisons reported that they had been in care as a child.
• What impact does crime have on communities and individuals

  It costs the economy a fortune in lost days at work, legal costs and keeping people in prisons:Explain - money from taxation has to be used to pay for the consequences of crime. The overall cost of crime in the UK runs into billions of pounds. This has a negative impact on the economy because it takes away needed money from essential services such as health care.Example - in 2015 ringing criminals to justice cost their Scottish government £700 million.Emotional impact on individuals as they can develop mental health issues as a result of their experience:Explain - if you are a victim of crime you can feel targeted and made to feel powerless and vulnerable. The emotional side affects of crime last longer than the physical impact because it can lead to mental health issues such as PTSD or depression.Example - in 2015 research from Allianz insurance found that it takes eight months for victims of burglary to feel safe in their own home again.Long-term impact on offender:Explain - crime causes long-term damage to and offenders economic situation as a criminal conviction me result in them losing their jobs or not being able to find a new job as many businesses do not hire people with criminal convictions.Example - in Scotland anyone that works with the public has to complete a disclosure Scotland form which allows employers to know if they have a criminal conviction.
• State some of the main duties of the police

  To maintain public order:Explain - this is things such as events with large crowds at large sporting occasions or demonstrations where the priority of the police as to make sure that the public is safe and no one is breaking the law.Explain - this can be seen at events like festivals concerts and football matches such as a Celtic v Rangers gameEnforcing road traffic laws:Explain - speeding motorists and drunk drivers are the obvious and serious road of shoes that the police deal with.Example - on average, just shy of 2000 people are killed each year across the UK by drink-driving collisions.Crime prevention:Explain - This can take the form of having a physical presence on foot or in a car within communities and high crime areas. In addition, it can take the form of public education initiatives such as the violence reduction unit.Example - police Scotland's 'don't risk it don't drink and drive' campaign as run during the festive season as this is a high risk time for drink-driving.
• Advantages of police initiatives to tackle crime

  Community policing - fosters closer relationships between police and members of public:Explain - Community policing has been successful because the police are visible and this helps to reduce fear amongst the community. In addition, the few like a part of the community and things that may have gone on reported will now be reported.Example - 75% of Scottish police officers are assigned to local policing which demonstrates the high regard it is held in by the police.Drink drive campaign (previously mentioned):Violence reduction unit: Explain - The violence reduction unit aims to prevent crime before it happens, this is done through various ways such as school talks and teams in the hospital is looking for suspicious ones which may be assaults gone un reportedExample - since their introduction in 2005 A&E ambitions relating to crime injuries feel by 52% the next year.
• Advantages and disadvantages of government initiatives to tackle crime

  Anti-social behaviour orders (ASBO's):Explain - and antisocial behaviour order is given out by a court to stop a person from behaving in certain ways are doing certain things. An advantage of this is that it is an affective way to tackle low-level crime like excessive noise without an expensive trial.Example - anyone over the age of 12 can be given an antisocial behaviour order if they behave antisocially and if the break the terms of the ASBO can face criminal conviction.(Disadvantages) No criminal record is issued to the offender and is not widely used. In 2016 only 8 ASBOs were issued in Scotland for antisocial behaviour.
• Answer to last question

  (Advantages)The offensive behaviour at football and threatening Communications act 2012:Explain - criminalises behaviour which is frightening, hateful or offensive at a football match including offensive singing or chanting. It also criminalises threats of serious violence and friends to and say teachers, sent through the post or posted on the Internet.Example - The act has been used 377 times and 2016/17 to deal with actions that the vast majority of football fans, and the wider public, consider unacceptable.(Disadvantages)Numbers converted are very small with 79 convictions and 20 14-15 in comparison to the cream tape, breach of the peace with 5580 convictions which the full and two, making up around less than 1%
• State the different types of courts in Scotland

  Justice of the peace courts:Explain - GOP courts handle relatively minor crimes such as cases of breach of the peace, main assaults, Maynard Road traffic offences and petty theft.Example - examples of offences that this court can deal with are driving through a red light and being drunk and disorderly.Sherif court: Explain - sherif courts deal with crimes that are to high for JOP courts and to low for high courts.Example - there are a total of 49 sherif courts throughout Scotland. Handling over 11,000 criminal and civil cases a year.High court:Explain - The high court is responsible for the most serious crimes committed in Scotland and involves a jury with every case.Example - the crimes delt with at the court consist of murder, rape and crimes against children e.t.c.
• State the different types of sentences issued by courts in Scotland

  Justice of peace courts (JoTp):Explain - GOP courts handle relatively minor crimes such as cases of breach of the peace, main assaults, main road traffic offences and petty theftExample - The maximum sentence that a stipendiary magistrate me impose as 12 months imprisonment or a fine not exceeding £10,000Sheriff court:Explain - Sheriff court still with crimes are too serious for a justice of the peace court but not serious enough for a high court.Example - The maximum sentence for cases head before a sheriff and Jury is 5 years (three years for cases that were first called before the 1st of May 2004) in prison or an unlimited fine.High Court:Explain - The High Court is responsible for the most serious crimes committed in Scotland and involves every case being tried with a full jury.Example - The high court has no limit on the length of prison sentences it can impose and no limit on the fine that it can impose.
• State alternative punishments to custodial sentences

  Fines:Explain - Financial penalties if linked appropriately to income can be most appropriate for offenders who are unlikely to become re-offenders. They are issued for low-level public disorder offences such as speeding or being drunk and disorderly.Example - 55% of all sentences issued in 20 13-2014 where financial penaltiesCommunity payback orders (CPO's):Explain - Community payback orders are used to deal with a relatively low - level antisocial crimes and those offenders who have not committed very serious offences and who do not present a high risk of harm to the public but are at a relatively high risk of reoffending.Example - in 2015 19,000 CPOs were issued by Scottish courtsDrug treatment testing orders (DTTOs):Explain - DDTOs offer drug treatments for testing to offenders with drug problems who have mostly committed theft to fund a drug habit.Example - Drug Treatment and Testing Orders are expensive but potentially effective alternatives, providing treatment for those who turn to crime to fund their drug habit. However rates for re-offending DTTOs are high at 65%.
• State the advantages and disadvantages of a custodial sentence

  (Advantages)Fulfils the function of retribution as it gives victims justice:Explain - it acts as a deterrent to many people and stopped them from committing crimes because the fear being locked up and losing their libertyExample - only 10% of long-term prisoners reoffend upon release(Disadvantages)Presents are often overcrowded and cannot rehabilitate prisoners affectively:Explain - The imprisonment rate in Scotland as 147 per 100,000, much higher than other countries such as Norway which only looks up 73 per 100,000.Example - scotland's prisons have a capacity of 8000 but the prison population has been as high as 8500 in recent years.High rate of reoffending:Explain - Scottish and UK prisons have an extremely strange and high rate of reoffending showcasing that the system doesn't workExample - 60% of prisoners sentenced to less than three months reoffend and 45% of women prisoners reoffend.
• State the advantages and disadvantages of non-custodial sentences

  (Advantages)Community payback orders (CPOs) have a low rate of reoffending:Explain - Community payback orders are used to deal with relatively low antisocial crimes and help reduce reoffending as the inconvenienced offenders by taking up their time to do unpaid labour.Example - reoffending rates in Scotland for prison sentences without 47%, compare to 39% for community - based sentences.(Disadvantage)Government statistics sure that 25% of CPOs with more than one condition attached are breached (broken)Home detection curfew order has a low rate of reoffending:Explain - these provide useful boundaries for short periods and can help to engage offenders in useful activities, thousands are electronically monitored or tight each year in the UK, although it is mostly used for early release prisonersExample - it is relatively good at stopping reoffending with only 2% of offenders reoffending while tagged (most were driving offences). (Disadvantage)However, 50% of HDCs are breached each year and some form
• State the different types of decisions made by the child's hearing system in Scotland

  No further action:Explain - this means that the panel has considered the evidence in the case and the testimony of the child and decided that the issue does not need to be pursued further.Example - 85% of all cases referred to the children's panel result in this outcome.Issue of supervision order:Explain - this could mean the child remains at home and has placed under the supervision of a social worker. However, at me also mean that it is best for the child to be taken from the family home to stay with foster parents or in a local authority or voluntary organisation care home.Example - 10,379 children and young people were subject to a compulsory supervision order as of the 31st of March 2016.Young offenders:Explain - this would be the case if the offender was between the ages of 16 and 21 and had committed a somewhat serious offenceExample - Parliament is Scotland's national holding facility for young offenders between 16-21 years of age, sentences range from six months to life. The average sentence length is between 2 - 4 years.
• State the advantages and disadvantages of the child's hearing system

  (Advantages)Keeps children out of adult court system in order to tackle the issue that is causing the behaviour rather than punish it:Explain - The child heating systems main focus is on a positive outcome for the child or young person, rather than punishment. This means that system tries to work with the child or young person before it reaches the criminal stage.(Disadvantages)It is too soft on those committing offences:Explain - many people argue that the system is not a real deterrent and less poorly behaved children who may have committed a serious offence get off lightlyExample - The young people in question that are committing offences such as antisocial behaviour or systematic bullying deserve to be punished instead of helped.
• Young people aged between 16 to 21 are put in a Young Offenders Centre, such as Polmont.
• A children's hearing system is a type of court, especially for young people, that is informal, does not use people in gowns and wigs, and generally has 3 people on the panel, a mix of men and women.