Type 1

• What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) primarily characterized by?

  Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells
• What does the autoimmune destruction of β-cells lead to?

  Absolute insulin deficiency
• How long can autoantibodies against β-cells be present before symptoms appear?

  For months to years
• What happens to symptoms once insulin production is critically low?

  Symptoms develop rapidly
• What is a common emergency presentation of T1DM in the ED?

  Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
• What are the symptoms of T1DM? Name one.

  Polyuria (excessive urination)
• What is another symptom of T1DM?

  Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
• What is a third symptom of T1DM?

  Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
• What is a symptom of T1DM related to weight?

  Unintentional weight loss
• What is a symptom of T1DM related to energy levels?

  Fatigue, weakness
• What unusual breath odor may be present in T1DM?

  Fruity breath odor (due to ketones)
• What are Kussmaul respirations?

  Deep, rapid breathing to compensate for acidosis
• What gastrointestinal symptoms may occur in T1DM?

  Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
• Why does rapid onset occur in T1DM?

  Insulin deficiency leads to severe hyperglycemia
• What is the sequence of events following β-cell destruction?

  Severe hyperglycemia → Osmotic diuresis → Dehydration
• What metabolic process occurs due to fat breakdown for energy?

  Ketone production leading to metabolic acidosis
• In which age group does T1DM most often occur?

  Under 30 years
• What is the peak onset age range for T1DM?

  Between 11-13 years
• What percentage of T1DM patients have a first-degree relative with the condition?

  10 to 15%
• What body type is typically seen in T1DM patients?

  Lean body type
• What factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of T1DM?

  Genetic predisposition and viral exposure
• What are nonimmune factors in T1DM?

  Idiopathic etiologies of unknown causes