Type 1 vs. Type 2

• What is the major pathophysiological distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

  Presence of endogenous insulin
• What are the key differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes regarding onset and prevalence?

  • Type 1:
  • Onset: More common in young
  • Prevalence: 5 – 10%
  • Type 2:
  • Onset: Usually >35
  • Prevalence: 90%
• How do nutritional status and ketosis differ between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

  • Type 1:
  • Nutritional status: Thin, normal, or obese
  • Ketosis: Prone at onset, or lack of insulin
  • Type 2:
  • Nutritional status: Obese or normal
  • Ketosis: Typically resistant
• Is insulin required for Type 1 diabetes?

  Yes, insulin is required
• Is insulin required for Type 2 diabetes?

  Required for some patients
• Why is there a higher risk of acidosis with Type 1 diabetes compared to Type 2 diabetes?

  Absolute insulin deficiency leads to DKA
• What is the pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) leading to high risk of acidosis?

  • Autoimmune destruction of β-cells
  • No insulin production
  • Cells cannot use glucose for energy
  • Body breaks down fat for fuel
  • Fat breakdown produces ketones, leading to metabolic acidosis
  • Results in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
• What are the symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

  Kussmaul respirations, fruity breath, nausea
• What is the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and its lower risk of acidosis?

  • Insulin resistance, but some insulin is still present
  • Insulin suppresses ketone production
  • Prevents significant acidosis
  • More prone to Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
• What condition are Type 2 diabetics more prone to instead of DKA?

  Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
• Summarize the differences in acidosis risk between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

  • T1DM:
  • No insulin → Fat breakdown → Ketones → Acidosis (DKA)
  • T2DM:
  • Some insulin present → No significant ketone production → Lower acidosis risk