variables

• independent variable


  the variable that is being manipulated or changed.
• dependent variable 


  the variable that is being measured by the researcher to establish the affect the IV had.
• co-variables


  the variables within a correlation - the two variables within a correlation being correlated.
• to operationalise variables is to define them in an objective, detailed and measurable way.
• confounding variables 


  the variables in a study that aren't being manipulated by the researcher, but affect the results (DV) of some ppts; inconsistent and quite difficult to control.
• extraneous variables


  the variables in a study that aren't being manipulated by the researcher, but affect the results of all ppts equally; generally consistent and link to a design flaw.
• (extraneous variable) researcher bias: when a researcher interprets behaviour/responses in a way to support their hypothesis. 


  double-blind technique - where neither the person conducting the research nor the ppts know the aim of the study.
• (extraneous variable) significant noise distraction


  ensure research is undertaken in an area where no noise distractions can occur, a specially designed environment.
• (confounding variable) social desirability bias: where a ppt purposely changes their behaviour in order to present themselves in a positive light 


  participant honesty - participants privacy and anonymity can be assured.
• (confounding variable) participant variables: some participants may have specific characteristics that will enhance their ability, giving them an unfair advantage in comparison to other participants.


  matched pairs/repeated measures - to help minimise these participant characteristics.