Regional Issues

• What was the status of Wales before 1536?

  Wales was a separate territory under English control
• What did the Laws in Wales Act of 1536 accomplish?

  It unified Wales under English legal framework
• How did the Laws in Wales Act affect Welsh representation?

  It gave Welsh shires representation in House of Commons
• What was the significance of the English Palatinates?

  They had separate jurisdiction from the rest of England
• Which counties were considered English palatinates?

  Lancashire, Cheshire, and Durham
• What did the Act of Resuming Liberties do in 1536?

  It reduced the independence of palatinates
• What was the condition of the Anglo-Scottish border during Henry VIII's reign?

  It was difficult to police and lawless
• What challenges did Henry VIII face in appointing wardens on the Anglo-Scottish border?

  Local nobles could exploit their power
• How did the Council in the North address governance issues?

  It was re-established as a permanent body in York
• What event highlighted governance problems in the North of England?

  The Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536
• What was the public reaction to the Amicable Grant in 1525?

  There was widespread opposition and resistance
• Where was the strongest resistance to the Amicable Grant located?

  North Essex and South Sussex
• What was the status of Wales before 1536?

  Wales was a separate territory to England, under English control but without a unified administration or formal political link
• What were the key changes brought about by the Laws in Wales Act of 1536?

  1. Divided Wales into Shire counties, 2. Gave Welsh shires representation in the House of Commons, 3. Brought Wales into the same legal framework as England
• What were the three English counties that had a separate jurisdiction as palatinates?

  Lancashire, Cheshire and Durham
• How did the Act of Resuming Liberties in 1536 affect the palatinate status of Durham?

  It reduced Durham's independence but did not destroy it completely as the palatinate court of chancery continued to operate
• What were the key features of the Anglo-Welsh border administration?

  • The lands governed as part of the principality of Wales
  • Offered relatively cheap and local access to the law
  • Benefited the area under its jurisdiction
• What were the challenges faced in administering the Anglo-Scottish border?

  • Border was difficult to police
  • Remote and inhospitable in winter
  • Both sides had a reputation for lawlessness
  • Cattle and sheep rustling were rife and violence was common
  • Appointing wardens was difficult as local nobles could exploit the office
• Why was the Council in the North established?

  To re-establish a permanent governing body based in York with a professional staff to help govern the north, which had demonstrated problems during the Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion
• How did the government respond to the opposition to the Amicable Grant tax in 1525?

  The government handled the matter sensitively, the king relented, and the leaders of the resistance were treated leniently
• What does the government's response to the Amicable Grant resistance demonstrate about Henry VIII's rule?

  It demonstrates that Henry could not operate in defiance of the taxpaying classes
• What were the key regional issues that Henry VIII faced?

  • Wales: Brought under closer English control through the Laws in Wales Act
  • English Palatinates: Reduced independence but did not fully integrate
  • Anglo-Welsh Border: Offered local legal access but challenges in administration
  • Anglo-Scottish Border: Remote, lawless region difficult to police
  • North of England: Needed a permanent governing council in York
  • Resistance to taxation: Amicable Grant faced widespread opposition