BCH210 final

• reducing sugars can participate in redox reactions
• agarose and agars are polysaccarides
• lectin binds to sugars
• sucrose is made from glucose and fructose
• 5 and 6 carbon rings are the most stable
• monosaccharides always have a ketone or aldehyde group
• sugars are highly soluble because it has a lot of hydroxyl groups
• a carbon is chiral if it has 4 different groups
• the carbon is numbered from the aldehyde/ketone end
• the number of possible linear stereoisomers is given by 2x, where x is the number of chiral carbons
• if the hydroxyl group is on the right it is a d isomer
• if the hydroxyl group is on the left it is an l isomer
• the carbon that is furthest away from the aldehyde/ketone gets a capital letter for L/D
• all functional sugars are a D-isomers
• rings form when a hydroxyl group attacks the carbonyl
• if the hydroxyl is pointing to the bottom, it is an alpha glucopyranose
• the beta conformation is more stable for glucopyranose
• anomers are isomers that differ at the new asymmetrical carbon
• reducing sugars need a free hydroxyl next to the oxygen
• disaccharides form from a condensation reaction a hydroxyl group and the anomeric carbon
• glycosidic bonds are alpha when below the plane
• Glycoproteins with sugar chains linked to Asn are N-linked
• Glycoproteins that have sugar chains linked to Ser or Thr are O-linked
• glycosyltransferase adds a sugar to other molecules
• glucose units are added and removed at the non-reducing ends
• glycogenin is at the center of glycogen
• iodine can be used to test for starches and glycogens
• amylose and amylopectin are starches
• cellulose is a homopolymer of glucose units
• cellulose has beta linkages
• humans don't produce cellulase
• glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
• glucose is broken down into 2 GAPs, a 3 carbon molecule
• hexokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP onto glucose
• the product of the reaction between hexokinase and glucose is glucose-6-phosphate and ADP
• glucose-6-phosphate cannot be transported out and is trapped in the cell
• phosphorylation of glucose is spontaneous even without hexokinase
• PFK-1 phosphorylates F-6P to F-1,6bisphosphate
• pyruvate kinase makes pyruvate and ATP from PEP
• the PDC is in the mitochondria matrix