SUPPLEMENTARY LESSON (UTS)

• The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, vagina, uterus, cervix, clitoris, labia minora, urethra, vaginal opening, labia majora, and anus.
• The menstrual cycle is a 28-day cycle with days 1-5 being a bleeding from the vagina known as menstruation or period.
• The source of blood in the menstrual cycle is the uterus lining.
• The blood in the menstrual cycle comes from the breakdown of the uterus lining.
• Usually, after 5 days the bleeding from the vagina in the menstrual cycle stops.
• From day 5 to day 14, the uterus lining in the menstrual cycle grows again and an egg cell starts to mature.
• From day 14 to day 28, the uterus lining in the menstrual cycle is maintained.
• On day 14, an egg cell is released in the menstrual cycle.
• The release of an egg cell from an ovary in the menstrual cycle is called ovulation.
• On day 14, the egg cell starts its journey down the oviduct in the menstrual cycle.
• If the egg cell is fertilized by a sperm cell in the oviduct in the menstrual cycle, it will grow into an embryo.
• The embryo in the menstrual cycle will implant itself into the uterus lining.
• A pregnant woman in the menstrual cycle will not have another period until after the baby has been born.
• If the egg cell is not fertilized by a sperm cell in the oviduct in the menstrual cycle, it will die.
• If the egg cell is not fertilized by day 28 in the menstrual cycle, the uterus will break down and the woman will have another period.
• The male reproductive system consists of the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, vas (ductus deferens), prostate gland, ejaculatory duct, urethra, bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland, foreskin, and anus.
• Sexual characteristics are physical traits of an organism which are indicative of its biological sex.
• Humans reproduce by sexual reproduction.
• One of the earliest HIV prevalence studies among MSM was conducted in 2010.
• Due to the recent sociopolitical climate, particularly during former president Rodrigo Duterte's "war on drugs," it is likely that data among PWID and among those who use illicit drugs remain underreported for fear of legal ramifications.
• HIV transmission through the sharing of infected needles remains relatively low in the Philippines.
• In the same year, an outbreak of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurred in Cebu City, where over 50% of PWID were found to have HIV, and 93% were infected with HCV.
• The number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the Philippines is projected to increase by 200% from 158,400 in 2022 to 364,000 by 2030.
• The last biobehavioral surveillance data among PWID were reported in 2015.
• Forty participants consented to a Western blot confirmatory test, with 39 participants testing positive for HIV-1 and one patient testing positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2.
• HIV testing performed outside the entertainment areas/gay bars of Manila found that, among 406 MSM screened using rapid HIV antibody test kits, 48 tested positive (11.8% [95% confidence interval: 8.7% to 15.0%]).
• Males and females contain reproductive systems that enable them to reproduce.
• It was reported to be highest in 2010, accounting for 9% of all new HIV cases that year.
• Of the total reported new HIV cases in January 2023, 3% were transgender women.
• Erich Fromm, in his book The Art of Loving, stated that love is a decision, a judgment, and a promise.
• In the HIV surveillance systems of the Philippines, transgender women were previously included under MSM until 2018 when the HARP and the Integrated HIV Behavioral and Serologic Surveillance (IHBSS) disaggregated data based on gender identity.
• HIV transmission through infected needles has decreased since 2011 and constitutes ~1% of all newly reported cases in the past few years.
• There are other populations in the Philippines vulnerable to HIV, including migrant workers, people who exchange sex, people trafficked for sex, and people in enclosed spaces.
• Sexual transmission remains the predominant mode of HIV acquisition in the Philippines, primarily among men having sex with men (MSM).
• Data from the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) in January 2023 showed that approximately 70% of all HIV cases were among males who have sex with other males, and 17% were among males who have sex with both males and females.
• HIV prevention efforts in the Philippines have traditionally focused on the ABCs: abstinence, being faithful, and condom use.
• The function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm cells in the testes and to enable sperm to be released into a female in order to fertilize an egg cell.
• One function of the female reproductive system is to produce egg cells.
• Basic forms of sexual stimulation include masturbation or self-stimulation that causes sexual pleasure or orgasms.
• Males have body & facial hair, deeper voice, greater height than females, broadening shoulder, and pubichair.