Lung disease

• What is used to diagnose lung diseases?

  Spirometer
• What does a spirometer measure?

  The volume of the lungs
• How do lung diseases affect ventilation?

  They affect breathing rate
• What is tidal volume?

  Volume of air in each breath
• What does forced expiratory volume (FEV₁) measure?

  Maximum volume of air exhaled in 1 second
• What is forced vital capacity?

  Maximum volume of air forced out after a deep breath
• What causes tuberculosis (TB)?

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria
• What is the body's response to TB infection?

  Inflammatory response by the immune system
• What forms in response to TB infection?

  Anaerobic tissue masses known as tubercules
• How does TB affect gas exchange?

  Reduces surface area for gas exchange
• What happens to tidal volume in TB patients?

  Tidal volume reduces
• What are common symptoms of TB?

  Coughing, chest pains, shortness of breath
• What causes fibrosis in the lungs?

  Infection or exposure to asbestos or dust
• How does fibrosis affect the alveoli?

  Thickens the alveoli wall
• What is the effect of fibrosis on gas exchange?

  Gas exchange becomes less efficient
• How does fibrosis affect tidal volume and ventilation rate?

  Reduces tidal volume and increases ventilation rate
• What are symptoms of fibrosis?

  Shortness of breath, cough, fatigue
• What causes emphysema?

  Long-term smoking or air pollution exposure
• What happens to chemicals in emphysema?

  They become trapped in the alveoli
• How does emphysema affect alveoli walls?

  Phagocytes break down the alveoli walls
• What is the effect of emphysema on lung elasticity?

  Makes alveoli less elastic
• How does emphysema affect gas exchange?

  Reduces rate of gaseous exchange
• What are symptoms of emphysema?

  Wheezing and shortness of breath
• What causes asthma?

  Inflamed airways due to allergic reaction
• What happens to the smooth muscle in asthma?

  It contracts, constricting the airway
• How does asthma affect airflow?

  Reduces flow of air in and out of lungs
• What is the effect of asthma on FEV₁?

  Reduces FEV₁
• What are common symptoms of asthma?

  Wheezing, tight chest, shortness of breath