Consequences of urbanisation&urban growth

• what is urban sprawl?


  The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
• What are 3 consequences of urban sprawl?


  congested roads

  deforestation

  land value increases
• what has rapid urbanization led to?


  An extreme shortage in available housing, particularly in LICs!

  This has led to the presence of large numbers of inadequate and informal settlements where access to basic infrastructure & service is limited
• Where do inadequate and informal settlements tend to be found?


  On the edge of cities or areas of LOW LAND VALUE prone to environmental hazards (eg flooding)

  Along transport routes
• Approximately how many people are estimated to live in slums across the world?


  1 billion
• give an example and 2 details of a slum?


  • Makoko in Lagos, Nigeria:
  • self-governing
  • Floating school built in 2013 (2016- ABANDONED)
• What can be implied by the fact that SLUM POPULATIONS ARE DECREASING?

  services are improving across the world
• What is happening to the number of people living in slums?


  Even though the proportion is going down, the raw number of people living in slums continues to increase
• What do the UN Sustainable Development Goals state?

  That by 2030, there will be access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services
• Where has shortage of affordable housing been an issue?


  
  

  • LICs
  • HICs
• What has the UK (HIC) seen?


  A rise in demand for accommodation in cities which has led to a dramatic increase in both house prices and rental costs
• What has the rise in demand for accommodation led to?


  A dramatic increase in both house prices and rental costs
• By what % did average house prices rise by in London and when?


  Rose by 50% between 2010-2015
• What fuelled the 50% rise in house prices in London from 2010 to 2015?


  Fuelled partly by:

  • in migration
  • gentrification
  • the purchasing of properties by wealthy investors
• Why has internal migration partly fuelled the 50% rise in house prices in London between 2010-2015?


  Internal migrants into London tend to be in age groups 20-30, whilst those who tend to leave are over 30 or children

  This means that generally people migrate into London for work; and leave when they start having families
• What is gentrification?


  the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process
• What is FDI stand for?

  foreign direct investment
• How does FDI partly fuelled the 50% rise in house prices in London between 2010-2015?


  wealthy foreign buyers are snapping up London's most expensive homes in cash
• what is the fastest growing city in Nigeria?


  Lagos
• Compare number of people in LAGOS, NIGERIA then and now?


  • less than 60 years ago: only 300,000 residents
  • now: it is a MEGACITY with 16million residents
• what are slums in lagos called?


  ghettos
• What is found in Lagos?

  oil is found in lagos and is extracted here. SHELL OIL
• What type of pollution is present in Lagos?

  air, water, land pollution
• Give details about WASTE SITES IN LAGOS?


  Over 10,000 tonnes of rubbish a day

  used to be outside Lagos but now in city centre due to city growing- sprawl!
• What is the waste site in Lagos like?


  Smelly!

  unsafe!
• What are 4 consequences of urban growth?

  Shortage of affordable housing

  lack of urban services and waste disposal

  Unemployment and under employment

  Transport issues
• What demographic profile do cities have?


  a relatively young demographic profile
• What are unemployment rates like in urban areas?


  Can be high
• Where do many migrants find employment?


  in the informal sector
• When does under-employment occur?


  Where people do work that does not make full use of their skills and abilities
• Give examples of transport issues in NEW YORK CITY?

  On average drivers in NYC lost 102 hours in traffic in 2021

  • worst congestion in US
  • 5th worst congestion in world
• As of 2021 which city has the worst congestion in world?


  LONDON
• Why is there more transport issues in BANGALORE?


  increasing car ownership
• What is traffic in Bangalore causing?

  Stress (intense) sitting in car for hours - chronic stress disorder

  Breathing in polluted air (main cause = vehicles(
• what is the main cause of breathing in polluted air in BANGALORE?


  vehicles
• What is the population of india?


  1.3 billion
• What fraction of India's population still walk/cycle/use public transport?

  2/3
• What 2 INEFFECTIVE solutions are used for transport issues in Bangalore/India?

  Widening roads (ineffective)

  buying flyovers - ineffective

  BOTH ENCOURAGE MORE CARS TO BE BOUGHT
• How many out of the 30 cities with the worst air are in INDIA?

  22/30
• What did CHURCH STREET in BANGALORE do to reduce traffic?


  Banned cars for 6 months