Geography

• What has influenced the physical landscape of the UK?

  A range of geological and past processes
• What does geology study?

  The structure and substance of rocks
• What are past tectonic processes?

  Previous volcanic eruptions and tectonic uplift
• What is glacial erosion?

  Processes like plucking and abrasion by glaciers
• What is plucking in glacial processes?

  Freezing onto the surface and removing sediment
• What is abrasion in glacial processes?

  Embedded sediment scouring the valley floor
• What is weathering in glacial processes?

  Freeze-thaw action splitting rocks apart
• What is deposition in glacial processes?

  Sediment put down as a glacier retreats
• What is outwash till?

  Sediment created as a glacier retreats
• What are upland areas characterized by?

  More resistant igneous and metamorphic rocks
• What features do upland areas create?

  U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys, and scree slopes
• What are lowland landscapes characterized by?

  Less resistant sedimentary rocks
• What features do lowland landscapes create?

  Dip slopes and escarpments
• How are igneous rocks formed?

  From magma that erupts and cools
• What are extrusive igneous rocks?

  Rocks formed when magma cools on the surface
• What are intrusive igneous rocks?

  Rocks formed when magma cools inside the Earth
• What is pumice used for?

  In toothpaste, cosmetics, and cement
• What is granite used for?

  Making gravestones, statues, and countertops
• What is basalt used for?

  In construction of buildings and statues
• What is gabbro used for?

  For flooring, worktops, and monumental stones
• What are the properties of igneous rocks?

  Resistant to erosion and hard
• How are sedimentary rocks formed?

  From sediments deposited in water bodies
• What sediments contribute to sedimentary rocks?

  Eroded rocks and sea creature skeletons
• What is sandstone used for?

  For paving tiles and construction
• What is limestone used for?

  In toothpaste and building materials
• What is shale used for?

  As filler in paint and brick making
• How is marble formed?

  From limestone under pressure and heat
• What is slate used for?

  For roofing and flooring
• What are the properties of metamorphic rocks?

  Resistant to weathering and very hard-wearing
• What is the texture of metamorphic rocks?

  They have a "squashed" (foliated) texture
• How do human activities differ in upland and lowland areas?

  Upland areas have smaller settlements and local materials
• What are concordant coastlines?

  Rock layers parallel to the coast
• What are discordant coastlines?

  Alternating rock types at right angles to the coast
• What do headlands and bays result from?

  Different erosion rates of rock types
• What are constructive waves?

  Waves with strong swash and weak backwash
• When do constructive waves occur?

  In calm weather and summer months
• What are destructive waves?

  Waves that erode sediment from the shore
• When do destructive waves occur?

  During winter months with more energy
• What is mass movement?

  Large scale movement of sediment downhill
• What is weathering?

  Breakdown of rocks on or near the surface