FINALS

• Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis cerebri, produces hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and other endocrine glands.
• Adenohypophysis: Growth hormone (GH) increases protein synthesis, increases blood glucose, increases lipid breakdown.
• Adenohypophysis: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), in thyroid gland, stimulates thyroid hormone secretion
• Adenohypophysis: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), in adrenal cortex, stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
• Adenohypophysis: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), in melanocytes, stimulates melanin production
• Adenohypophysis: Luteinizing hormone (LH), in ovary, stimulates ovulation and increases progesterone secretion in females
• Adenohypophysis: Luteinizing hormone (LH), in testis, Increases testosterone

  secretion in males
• Adenohypophysis: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in ovary, stimulates follicle maturation in females
• Adenohypophysis: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in testis, stimulates sperm production in males
• Adenohypophysis: Prolactin, in ovary and mammary glands, stimulates milk production and progesterone secretion in pregnant females
• Adenohypophysis: Prolactin, in testis, increases LH sensitivity in males
• Neurohypophysis: Oxytocin, in uterus, stimulates uterine contraction
• Neurohypophysis: Oxytocin, in mammary gland, stimulates milk let-down after delivery
• Neurohypophysis: Oxytocin, in kidney, increases water reabsorption
• Neurohypophysis: Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), in kidney, increases water reabsorption
• Thyroid Gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism, energy production, and growth
• Thyroid gland: Thyroxine/Tetraiodothyronine (T4) increases metabolic rates
• Thyroid gland: Triiodothyronine (T3) promote growth and maturation of tissues
• Thyroid gland: Calcitonin, in bone, decreases bone resorption Net effect: decreases blood calcium levels; antagonistic to PTH
• Parathyroid Gland a small, pea-sized glands, located in the neck, hormones maintain the balance and phosphate in the body
• Parathyroid Gland: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), in bone, promotes osteoclastic activity
• Parathyroid Gland: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), in intestines, increases calcium absorption
• Parathyroid Gland: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), in kidney, Increases calcium

  reabsorption
• Adrenal Glands or Suprarenal gland, produces hormones that help the body respond to stress, regulate blood pressure, and maintain electrolyte balance.
• Adrenal cortex: Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone, in kidney, increases sodium

  reabsorption and potassium excretion, and promotes water retention
• Adrenal cortex: Glucocorticoids Cortisol, in liver, fat, skeletal muscle, most tissues, increases fat and protein breakdown in favor of glucose synthesis, and decreases inflammatory response
• Adrenal cortex: Androgens, stimulate sex drive in females, and stimulate hair growth
• Adrenal medulla: Androgens, epinephrine and norepinephrine, stimulate the sympathetic response, “fight or flight”
• Pancreas produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar levels through hormone secretion
• Pancreas: Insulin, in liver, stimulates glycogen synthesis from glucose and

  amino acids. Net effect: decrease blood glucose levels
• Pancreas: Glucagon, in liver, increases breakdown of glycogen, Net effect: increase blood glucose levels;
• Thymus gland plays an important role in the development and maturation of T lymphocytes
• Thymus gland: Thymosine, in immune tissues, promotes immune system

  maturation
• Pineal body produces hormone which regulates the sleep-wake cycle
• Pineal body: Melatonin, in hypothalamus, inhibits the production of gonadotrophic releasing hormones
• Testes produces sperm cells and the hormone testosterone.
• Testes: Testosterone,in seminiferous tubule, promotes sperm maturation, promotes development of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics
• Ovaries play a central role in the production of the egg cell and hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
• Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone, in female reproductive tract, regulate the menstrual cycle, promote the development of primary and secondary

  female sexual characteristics
• Hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.