Organic synthesis pathways

• Adding NaOH to a haloalkane turns it into a primary alcohol
• to turn an aldehyde into an alcohol you react with NaBH4 - a H- atom is added. H2O is also used to turn the oxygen into an OH
• NaCN is needed to turn a haloalkane into a nitrile
• NH3 in ethanol and a haloalkane is needed to make an amine
• to turn a nitrile into an amine, you reduce with H2 and Ni catalyst
• oxidation with K2Cr2O7 turns a primary alcohol into an aldehyde, and with excess into a carboxylic acid
• oxidation of a secondary alcohol turns into a ketone
• tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised
• reacting NaCN and H+ turns an aldehyde into a hydroxynitrile
• reacting an alcohol and a carboxylic acid makes an ester, with H2SO4
• reacting an acyl chloride with h2o produces a carboxylic acid
• to produce a primary amide you react an acyl chloride with NH3
• to produce a secondary amide you need to react an amine with an acyl chloride
• to turn a nitrile into a carboxylic acid you react with H2O and HCl or aq. H+
• to make a haloalkane you need to react an alkene with a hydrogenhalide HX
• reacting an Carboxylic acid with SOCl2 makes an acyl chloride
• making a haloalkane from an alcohol requires sodium halide and H2SO4
• to go from an alkene to an alcohol, you hydrate with H3PO4 and H2O
• benzene reactions

  • Bromination or chlorination. needs Br2 and a catalyst (AlBr3)
  • Nitration. conc. H2SO4 and HNO3
  • Alkylation. R-Cl and AlCl3 (any halogen works)
  • Acylation. R-Cl and AlCl3
• reduce nitrobenzene with tin, HCl, NaOH to produce an aromatic benzene
• react and alkene with H2 and Ni catalyst to make an alkane