macromolecules

• Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms.
• macromolecules = large
• polymers are long chains of monomers
• monomers are bead subunits linked with covalent bonds
• polymerization is a process of making polymers one monomer at a time
• the monomer for a carbohydrate is a saccharide.
• the monomer for a protein us an amino acid
• the monomer for a nucleic acid is a nucleotide
• monomers are individual where as subunits are when monomers are in a chain
• dehydration synthesis removes a water to build a polymer
• hydrolysis recycles subunits breaking a bond by adding a water
• hydrolase enzyme breaks a bond
• Carbohydrates are sugars and saccharides.
• Monosaccharides are carb monomers.
• The sun makes the bonds change and turns into essential vitamin D3.
• Disaccharides are double carb monomers.
• Polysaccharides are many carb monomers (polymer).
• The purpose of carbohydrates is to serve as building blocks of many cell organs and as energy storage.
• -ose means sugar.
• -ase means enzyme.
• The number of C123456namemonoditritetrapenthexin aqueous soln’linearlinearlinearringringring is not important in carbohydrates.
• Most saccharides contain a carbonyl group.
• If the carbonyl group is in the middle of the saccharide, it is a ketone (ketose).
• Ketoses include dihydroxyacetone (3), robulose (5), and fructose (6).
• If the carbonyl group is at the end of the saccharide, it is an aldehyde (aldose).
• Aldoses include glyceraldehyde (3), ribose (5), glucose (6), and galactose (6).
• Glycosidic linkages are the name of the bond between two subunits in a polysaccharide.
• Low or not enough carbohydrates in food intake can lead to weakness and fatigue.
• Glucose is the most important monosaccharide and is often referred to as the trademark sugar.
• Glucose is made with a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups and is important for photosynthesis.
• Nucleophilic attack is when a 5 carbon on 1 carbon in glucose is attacked to make a ring structure.
• Monosaccharides can be in a ring structure or linear.
• Rings are stable due to electronegativity.
• Alpha glucose is found in animals and plants with OH down, while beta glucose is found in plants with OH up.
• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is an energy storing molecule made by photosynthesis that forms a part of glucose.
• Ribose is important in DNA and ATP.
• Peptidoglycan is important in the cell wall of bacteria.
• Steroids are a part of hormones, such as cholesterol, are completely soluble, have no electronegative atoms, and are non polar and hydrophobic.
• Phospholipids are the basic component of cellular membranes, have a modified phosphate group bonded to the third carbon on the glycerol, and have a structure where the head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic.
• Saturated fats, such as stearic acid, are solid at room temperature and have single bonds, while unsaturated fats, such as oleic acid, are liquid at room temperature and have double bonds.