Nitrogen

• A primary amine is if the NH2 group is if it‘s bonded to one carbon. Secondary is bonded to 2 carbons. Tertiary is bonded to 3 carbons.
• if the NH2 groups is bonded to a C=O it is an amide
• to make primary amines, react an haloalkane with NH3 and NaOH. it is nucleophilic substitution
• to make an amine, you first make an ammonium salt (the halide is replace with the NH3/amine) then you react with NaOH to remove the halide
• reduction of nitrobenzene uses tin, conc. HCl and excess NaOH to make an aromatic amine
• amino acids are used in proteins and dna. they have a carboxylic acid group and an amine group
• when an amino acid reacts with an acid, the NH2 groups becomes protonated, turning into NH3+
• when an amino acid reacts with an alkali (NaOH), the carboxylic acid becomes deprotonated, turning into O-Na+
• reacting an amino acid with an alcohol and H+ will form and ester, with a protonated amine group on the end
• 2 amino acids can react together to create a polyamide - a repeating unit. there is an NH and C=O at either end, which is join up to form an amide. (n-1) H2O is also made
• an amine and a carboxylic acid can react to create a repeating unit with an amide in too. there are (2n-1) H2O made
• polyesters are alcohols and COOH joined together to create an ester link. one monomer can react with itself and create a repeating unit. 2 monomers of alcohol and COOH groups with create an ester link too in repeating units.
• hydrolysis of a polymer makes the monomer. in acid hydrolysis the amines are protonated to NH3+. in alkali hydrolysis the COOH are deprotonated