Respiration

• what stage of respiration doesn't require oxygen

  glycolysis
• Where does glycolysis occur?

  cystol/cytoplasm
• glucose is phoshorlated into glucose phosphate by

  2 ATP
• glucose phosphate is


  unstable
• glucose phosphate splits into

  2x triose phosphate
• glycolysis products


  2x pyruvate, 2 net ATP, and 2x NADH
• Links reaction occurs where

  mitochondrial matrix
• how does pyruvate get to mitochondrial matrix

  active transport
• product in first stage of links reaction

  acetate
• acetate reacts with what co enzyme

  Co-enzyme A
• when pyruvate is converted to acetate what does it also produce

  CO2 and hydrogen which reduces NAD to form NADH
• acetate + Co enzyme A forms

  acetyl co-enzyme A
• where does Krebs cycle occur


  mitrocondrial matrix
• Acetyl CoA forms a six carbon molecule with what

  the recycled Krebs cycle 4 carbon molecule
• what's produced when acetyl coA binds with 4 carbon molecule

  Co-enzyme A
• the 6 carbon molecule loses two carbon molecules in the form of what?

  2x Carbon dioxide molecules
• this decarboxylation reforms a

  4 carbon molecule
• what does the four carbon molecule then do

  makes a six carbon molecule with acetyl co enzyme A
• how can triglycerides be used in respiration

  must be broken down into glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• glycerol is then turns into what

  triose phosphate
• what are fatty acids are turnt into?

  acetyl co-enzymeA
• for amino acids to be used in respiration what's removed

  amino group
• what is the function of ATP synthase?

  transports protons into the matrix
• How is the proton gradient maintained?

  protons are actively transported from inter membrane space to matrix.
• electron transfer chain


  a series of proton carriers that create an electrochemical gradient via redox reaction
• What donates electrons to the first protein ETC?

  NADH and FADH2
• how do electrons move down the electron transfer chain?

  oxidation- reduction reactions
• what reacts with electrons at the final electron transfer molecule?

  oxygen
• therefore what is the name for the oxygen molecule

  final electron acceptor
• proteins need energy to actively transport protons into the matrix. where do they gain this energy?

  when electrons move down the transfer chain they transfer energy to protons
• What is chemiosmosis?


  the process in which the movement of hydrogen ions across ATP synthase generates ATP
• what's produced during anaerobic respiration in animals?

  lactate
• what's produced during anaerobic respiration in plants and some microorganisms ?

  ethanol and carbon dioxide
• during anaerobic respiration in animals what is reduced

  pyruvate to form lactate
• during anaerobic respiration in animals what is oxidised

  NADH to form NAD
• the NAD produced is then returned to what stage of respiration

  glycolysis
• during anaerobic respiration in plants and some microorganism what is reduced

  pyruvate to form ethanol
• during anaerobic respiration in plants and some microorganism what is oxidised

  NADH to form NAD